Chapter 4

Question 1

__________ is defined by whether or not a relationship between variables is large enough to matter.

clinical significance
reliable significance
statistical significance
valid significance

Answer 1

clinical significance

Question 2

Which research method would be most useful in generating hypotheses about the cause of a newly discovered, rare abnormality?

correlational method
single-subject ABAB design
case study
experimental design

Answer 2

case study

Question 3

Lenny is enrolled in a study examining the psychological treatment of phobias. He sees a therapist weekly and receives support and encouragement, but no gradual exposure. Lenny is most likely in

a control group.
an independent-variable group.
a low-severity group.
a treatment group.

Answer 3

a control group.

Question 4

Dr. Brown developed a psychological test to measure anxiety. She then conducted several additional studies in which she showed that scores on her test are higher for college students during finals week, people diagnosed with anxiety disorders, and people high in psychophysiological measures of anxiety. Dr. Brown’s additional studies help demonstrate the __________ of her test.

internal validity
independence
external validity
prevalence

Answer 4

external validity

Question 5

Jacob was “cross-fostered,” which means he was:

raised by his grandparents and then foster care
raised in more than one foster family
raised completely apart from his biological parents
raised in two foster families - half his life in one family and half in the other

Answer 5

raised completely apart from his biological parents

Question 6

Frank and Jamal are monozygotic twins, so we can expect them to:

look different
have the same friends
dress alike
look identical

Answer 6

look identical

Question 7

In an experimental design, the control group is the group that

does not have the disorder in question.
has the disorder in question.
receives the experimental treatment.
does not receive the experimental treatment.

Answer 7

does not receive the experimental treatment

Question 8

Which of the following steps would improve the external validity of an analogue experiment of subclinical depression in college students?

Include a no-treatment control group.
Use clinically depressed patients.
Include several types of therapy.
Perform statistical analyses on the results.

Answer 8

Use clinically depressed patients.

Question 9

What is a common problem in epidemiological studies?

They often draw on samples that are not representative of the population being studied.
They do not use undergraduate samples.
They cannot measure prevalence, only incidence.
They are experimental.

Answer 9

They often draw on samples that are not representative of the population being studied.

Question 10

The standard for suggesting that a result is statistically significant is if the chances are less than __________ in 100 that it occurred by chance.

5
25
.05
10

Answer 10

5

Question 11

A study finds that children of mothers with a fear of heights are more likely to have a fear of heights themselves. Which of the following may be a reason why it would be inaccurate to conclude that a fear of heights is genetically transmitted from mother to offspring?

The study did not test the possibility of the fathers having a fear of heights.
Specific phobias cannot be genetically transmitted.
The children might develop their own new fears.
The mothers may model phobic behavior.

Answer 11

The mothers may model phobic behavior.

Question 12

When studying the relationship between social class and anxiety disorders, Dr. Stewart follows 50 children whose parents were diagnosed with an anxiety disorder from birth to age 30. This is an example of:

the experimental method.
an epidemiological study.
the high-risk method.
a behavioral-genetics study.

Answer 12

the high-risk method.

Question 13

Dr. Wilhelm randomly assigned 50 depressed patients (half women and half men) to two groups for treatment. One group received medication and the other received cognitive therapy. Ratings of the depression level of the subjects were taken before and after treatment. The rating of subjects’ depression level is the

third variable.
confound variable.
independent variable.
dependent variable.

Answer 13

dependent variable.

Question 14

Causal relationships are best identified by which design?

case study
experimental
epidemiological
correlational

Answer 14

experimental

Question 15

Dr. Bradley has been conducting a case study of Brenda P., a woman with dissociative identity disorder. Which of the following statements by Dr. Bradley is a misuse of the case study method?

1) “Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims”.
2) “Since Brenda was not sexually abused, the theory that all dissociation is caused by sexual abuse may not be universally true”.
3) “Brenda was sexually molested as a child. This leads me to hypothesize that perhaps other individuals with dissociative identity disorder were molested as children”.
4) All of the above are examples of inappropriate uses of the case study.

Answer 15

“Brenda, a woman with dissociative identity disorder, was sexually abused as a child. Therefore, all individuals with multiple personality disorder must have been abuse victims”.

Question 16

Professor Misha collects data showing a correlation between grades and happiness. He concludes that being happy helps students to get better grades. Which of the following illustrates the “directionality problem” in Professor X’s conclusion?

Female (or male) students may get better grades.
Good grades may produce happiness.
Students in love may be happier and get better grades.
Students with poor grades may drop out of school.

Answer 16

Good grades may produce happiness.

Question 17

The __________ problem is concerned with whether or not an additional variable may have caused the outcome.

correlated-variable
third-variable
extra-variable
additional-variable

Answer 17

third-variable

Question 18

The single-subject ABAB design cannot be used to study behaviors that

are not prevalent in the population.
do not return to baseline.
are highly reactive.
have highly heritable components.

Answer 18

do not return to baseline.

Question 19

The more intelligent a person is, the greater the chance that he or she will receive higher grades in school. Most likely, this finding comes from which type of research?

epidemiology
experiment
case study
correlational study

Answer 19

correlational study

Question 20

Epidemiology is the study of

the rates and correlates of disorders in a population.
unique cases or unusual disorders.
mental disorders in other cultures.
the development of disorders over the life span.

Answer 20

the rates and correlates of disorders in a population.

Question 21

Dr. Less collected data showing that depressives were less interested in interacting with nondepressives. She concluded that their depression had caused them to withdraw from nondepressives. However, later research showed that depressives had not interacted with nondepressives even before they became depressed. Dr. Less failed to consider __________ problems.

internal validity
directionality
high risk
third variable

Answer 21

directionality

Question 22

Dr. Samuelson finds that the relation between level of hopelessness and suicide is .35, and that there is a less than 5 in 100 probability that this occured by chance alone. What would be concluded about this correlation?

It is statistically significant.
It is valid.
It demonstrates that suicide attempts cause hopelessness.
It is unreliable.

Answer 22

It is statistically significant.

Question 23

Harry Harlow’s famous research study on newborn monkeys examined the effects of early separation from the mother on infant monkeys. What type of research study did he use?

an analogue study
a twin study
a correlational design
a longitudinal design

Answer 23

an analogue study

Question 24

With the __________ method, only people with above-average risk of developing a particular disorder would be studied.

high-risk
heredity
scientific
correlational

Answer 24

high-risk

Question 25

Case studies can be effective for which of the following purposes?

Confirming theoretical propositions.
Demonstrating universal relationships.
Generating research hypotheses.
Showing cause-effect relationships.

Answer 25

Generating research hypotheses.

Question 26

When examining a scatter diagram, the __________ scattered the points are distributed, the __________ the correlation.

more; higher
more; lower
less; higher
less; lower

Answer 26

more; lower

Question 27

“The lifetime prevalence rate of panic disorder is 3.5%”. This statement indicates that

1) new cases of panic disorder will be 3.5% of the population over the next year.
2) the proportion of chronic panic sufferers is 3.5%.
3) there is a 3.5% chance of developing panic disorder following the interview until death.
4) of individuals interviewed, 3.5% had experienced panic disorder at some point in their life.

Answer 27

of individuals interviewed, 3.5% had experienced panic disorder at some point in their life.

Question 28

Several studies have found a correlation between schizophrenia and family conflict. Which of the following explanations illustrates the directionality problem?

Schizophrenics may be less likely to live with their families.
The relationship found between schizophrenia and family conflict may not be consistent in different ethnic groups.
Family conflict may be a contributing factor in schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may contribute to family conflict.
Both schizophrenia and family conflict may be caused by low socioeconomic status.

Answer 28

Family conflict may be a contributing factor in schizophrenia, or schizophrenia may contribute to family conflict.

Question 29

A risk factor may be best defined as

the likelihood of contracting a disorder in a given time period.
the proportion of a population that has a disorder now.
a characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder.
the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture.

Answer 29

a characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a disorder.

Question 30

The best evidence supporting a genetic component to different disorders stems from

sibling studies.
proband studies.
family studies.
studies of twins reared apart

Answer 30

studies of twins reared apart

Question 31

Science comes from the Latin word scire, which means

to know
to research
to question
all of the above

Answer 31

to know

Question 32

Which of the following can disprove but not prove a hypothesis?

correlation
experiment
questionnaire
case study

Answer 32

case study

Question 33

When conducting a study on the effects of different medications in the treatment of depression, if the individual dispensing the medication does not know which medication he/she is giving and the patient is unaware of which medication is being received, the study is called

externally valid.
analogue.
double-blind.
confounded.

Answer 33

double-blind.

Question 34

What type of research design synthesizes information across studies to arrive at general conclusions?

longitudinal
reversal design
cross-sectional
meta-analysis

Answer 34

meta-analysis

Question 35

In a study of 100 people with panic disorder, 50 were treated with psychotherapy and 50 were treated with medication. At the end of 12 weeks of treatment, the psychotherapy group had an average score of 25 on a scale of panic severity, while the medication group had an average score of 75. This difference is called the

within-groups variance.
experimental effect.
internal validity.
none of the above.

Answer 35

experimental effect.

Question 36

Correlational data would allow one to make which of the following statements?

“Depression causes weight gain.”
“Weight gain causes people to become depressed.”
“Depression is associated with higher weight.”
“Lack of social support is the root of both depression and weight gain.”

Answer 36

“Depression is associated with higher weight.”

Question 37

In this method, children are adopted and reared by adopted parents who have a particular disorder.

twin method
family method
cross-fostering
experiment

Answer 37

cross-fostering

Question 38

What type of research enabled psychopathologists to discover that Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder is more common in boys than in girls?

correlational
epidemiological
case study
experimental

Answer 38

epidemiological

Question 39

Which statement is TRUE regarding correlation?

Correlation does not imply causation.
Causation does not imply correlation.
Both a and b are true.
Neither a nor b are true.

Answer 39

Correlation does not imply causation.

Question 40

Ava wants to design a study in which the causes and effects are measured at the same point in time because it is more cost-efficient. This type of study design is called

correlational.
longitudinal.
epidemiological.
cross-sectional.

Answer 40

cross-sectional.

Question 41

The best evidence supporting a genetic component to different disorders stems from

sibling studies.
family studies.
proband studies.
studies of twins reared apart.

Answer 41

studies of twins reared apart.

Question 42

A correlation of .98 between X and Y would indicate

a causal relationship, where X causes Y.
a weak positive relationship between X and Y.
virtually no relationship between X and Y.
a strong positive relationship between X and Y

Answer 42

a strong positive relationship between X and Y

Question 43

There is no relationship between social class and schizophrenia. What types of research would most likely lead to such a conclusion?

epidemiological and case study
correlational and experimental
epidemiological and correlational
case study and mixed design

Answer 43

epidemiological and correlationa

Question 44

Correlational research differs from experimental research in that correlational research

is associated with external validity.
samples large groups of participants.
relies on significance tests.
does not involve manipulation of variables

Answer 44

does not involve manipulation of variables

Question 45

A research team found that men who did not exercise had a greater rate of heart disease than those who did. Which of the following explanations best illustrates the third-variable problem?
:
Including men who smoke in the study might erase the relationship between exercise and heart disease.
The relationship between exercise and heart disease might not be causal.
Smoking might cause both heart disease and reluctance to exercise.
Heart disease might make it more difficult for men to exercise.

Answer 45

Smoking might cause both heart disease and reluctance to exercise.

Question 46

If the correlation between two variables is zero, this means that

they are inversely related.
they are perfectly related.
higher scores on one are associated with higher scores on the other.
there is no relationship between them.

Answer 46

there is no relationship between them.

Question 47

Professor Fulford believes that when people try to block certain thoughts, the thoughts are more intrusive. She randomly assigns participants to two groups: one that must try to prevent thoughts, and one that can think of anything they wish. What is the independent variable in this experiment?

participants
think of anything
thought prevention
intrusive thoughts

Answer 47

thought prevention

Question 48

Men and women were compared for their levels of disgust reactions to a gross photograph. This would be a(n) __________ study.

experimental
case
epidemiological
correlational

Answer 48

correlational

Question 49

Which of the following was NOT mentioned in the text as a weakness of the ABAB design?

It has low external validity.
It has low internal validity.
Reinstating the original condition is ethically questionable.
The initial state of the subject may not be recoverable.

Answer 49

It has low internal validity.

Question 50

Dr. Hall found a positive correlation between depression and child abuse: depressed mothers were more likely to abuse their children. Which of the following explanations best illustrates the third-variable problem?

Abused children may have a predisposition to become depressed.
The relationship between depression and child abuse may apply only to women.
Poverty may cause both depression and child abuse.
Abusing one’s children may cause depression

Answer 50

Poverty may cause both depression and child abuse.

Question 51

Which of the following correlations might have resulted from a study which compared grade point average to hours per week spent partying and which concluded that students who party more get poorer grades?

+1.50
+.50
0.00
-.50

Answer 51

-.50

Question 52

Directionality is best addressed by

using a control group.
using a longitudinal design.
using a correlational design.
using a case study.

Answer 52

using a longitudinal design.

Question 53

Meta-analyses summarize the findings of different studies through the use of

correlation coefficients.
within-group variance.
between-group variance.
effect sizes.

Answer 53

effect sizes.

Question 54

Dr. Wilhelm randomly assigned 50 depressed patients (half women and half men) to two groups for treatment. One group received medication and the other received cognitive therapy. Ratings of the depression level of the subjects were taken before and after treatment. The rating of subjects’ depression level is the

independent variable.
third variable.
confound variable.
dependent variable

Answer 54

dependent variable

Question 55

Mary, who has trichotillomania (chronic hair pulling), is enrolled in a single-subject study using an ABAB design to see if she pulls more hair while watching TV. Mary watched TV during dinner for four weeks and pulled at least ten hairs a day for the four weeks. Then she left the TV off for four weeks and pulled only one hair per day for the four weeks. In the next step of this design, the experimenter should ask Mary to

get other subjects to follow the same procedure.
turn the TV back on for four weeks.
have her mother rate how much she eats.
change what she eats during dinner.

Answer 55

turn the TV back on for four weeks.

Question 56

Dr. Reside treated 20 children using a new therapeutic procedure. An outside observer rated the children’s activity level on a laboratory task before and after the treatment; 80% of the children decreased their activity level following treatment, and Dr. Reside concluded that the procedure was highly effective. What is the major problem with Dr. Reside’s experiment?

lack of a double-blind procedure
lack of control group
no baseline measure
the observer was biased

Answer 56

lack of control group

Question 57

A correlation coefficient can range in value from

-1.00 to +1.00.
0 to 100.
0 to 1.
-100 to +100.

Answer 57

-1.00 to +1.00.

Question 58

Persons with schizophrenia are randomly assigned to either an attention-training group or a social skills training group. Scores on a measure of thought disorder were examined after the end of the training sessions. __________ is/are the independent variable(s) and __________ is/are the dependent variable(s).

The treatment group; the thought disorder scores
Schizophrenia; the thought disorder scores
The thought disorder scores; the treatment group
The gender of the participants; the treatment group

Answer 58

The treatment group; the thought disorder scores

Question 59

The inclusion of a control group

always makes a study internally valid.
is among the criteria for a design to be considered an experiment.
can never be done ethically when examining the effectiveness of therapy.
all of the above.

Answer 59

is among the criteria for a design to be considered an experiment.

Question 60

The family method refers to

examining phenotypes of nuclear families.
identifying the gene(s) believed to cause inherited disorders.
comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family.
examining twins raised apart.

Answer 60

comparing the incidence of disorders in other members of a family.

Question 61

“The primary problem is an unconscious anger toward his mother.” What makes this statement unscientific?

It is not reliable.
It does not make sense.
It is not theoretical.
It is not testable.

Answer 61

It is not testable.

Question 62

If you want to determine cause and effect, which type of research method should you use?

Survey
Experimental
Correlational
Case Study

Answer 62

Experimental

Question 63

If variables were found to be unrelated their correlation coefficient would be:

-1.00
0.00
+1.00
None of the above

Answer 63

0.00

Question 64

In a study where participants are assigned to one of two treatment groups (medication versus cognitive therapy), the type of treatment received is the

third variable.
dependent variable.
classificatory variable.
independent variable

Answer 64

independent variable

Question 65

Which of the following correlation coefficient values demonstrates the highest degree of correlation?

-1.00
+0.96
+0.67
-0.84

Answer 65

-1.00

Question 66

A genetic explanation of schizophrenia would be supported by which of the following choices?

Higher concordance between MZ than DZ twins.
MZ twins reared apart are likely to share the disorder.
First-degree relatives of someone with schizophrenia are more likely to have schizophrenia than third-degree relatives.
All of these support a genetic explanation.

Answer 66

All of these support a genetic explanation

Question 67

In behavior genetics studies, researchers can rule out the influence of parenting variables most carefully if they conduct studies using the:

correlational method
twin method
family method
adoptees method

Answer 67

adoptees method

Question 68

Case studies are not useful in

providing the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses.
disproving an allegedly universal hypothesis.
generating hypotheses.
providing a rich description of clinical phenomena.

Answer 68

providing the means for ruling out alternative

Question 69

Which of the following is a critique of findings from meta-analyses?

The summarized studies use different statistical procedures.
Different studies reach different conclusions.
They summarize findings from studies of varying quality.
There are usually insufficient numbers of studies to analyze.

Answer 69

They summarize findings from studies of varying quality.

Question 70

Epidemiological research can be helpful for

intensive analysis of a disease in a single individual.
planning for the health care needs of communities.
determining the effectiveness of different treatments.
addressing third-variable and directionality problems.

Answer 70

planning for the health care needs of communities.

Question 71

Experiment: one half of class smokes weed, one doesn't. then they are given a math test
What is the independent variable in this study?

The marijuana
The group that smoked marijuana
The group that did not smoke marijuana
The math test score

Answer 71

The marijuana

Question 72

Experiment: one half of class smokes weed, one doesn't. then they are given a math test
What is the dependent variable in this study?

The marijuana
The group that smoked marijuana
The group that did not smoke marijuana
The math test score

Answer 72

The math test score

Question 73

Experiment: one half of class smokes weed, one doesn't. then they are given a math test
Which group is the experimental group?

The group that smoked marijuana
The group that did not smoke marijuana

Answer 73

The group that smoked marijuana

Question 74

Experiment: one half of class smokes weed, one doesn't. then they are given a math test
Which group is the control group?

The group that smoked marijuana
The group that did not smoke marijuana

Answer 74

The group that did not smoke marijuana

Question 75

Imagine that the results indicated that the group that smoked the marijuana scored lower than the group that did not. Can I be confident that it was the marijuana that caused this group difference?
Yes
No

Answer 75

no

Question 76

What are some other factors, besides whether or not one has smoked marijuana immediately prior to taking a math exam, that might influence one’s score on a math exam?
Math education thus far
Intelligence
How much sleep the subject got the night before
Test anxiety
All of the above

Answer 76

All of the above

Question 77

Is it possible that one or more of those factors might have co-varied (i.e., varied in a systematic way) with the way I assigned subjects to group?
Yes
No

Answer 77

yes

Question 78

Would it be a good idea to let subjects volunteer for which group they wanted to participate in?
Yes
No

Answer 78

no

Question 79

What would have been a better way to assign subjects to group?
Flip a coin: heads go in marijuana group; tails go in control group
Based on gender: women go in marijuana group; tails go in control group

Answer 79

Flip a coin: heads go in marijuana group; tails go in control group

Question 80

Does this study actually tell us much about the relationship between substance use and academic performance in the real world?
Yes
No

Answer 80

no

Question 81

Is the difference between the experimental and control group statistically significant?
Yes
No

Answer 81

yes

Question 82

Is the difference between the experimental and control group clinically significant?
Yes
No

Answer 82

no

Question 83

Which of the following statements violates the principle of falsifiability?
St. John’s Wort reduces the severity of depression.
Peanut butter eliminates phobias.
Magnesium reduces the frequency of headaches.
All of the above
None of the above

Answer 83

None of the above

Question 84

Which of the following variables would you expect to be NEGATIVELY correlated?
# of cigarettes smoked per week and # of alcoholic beverages consumed per week
salary and job satisfaction
# of servings of vegetables per week and body weight
# of unprotected sexual encounters and # STD infections

Answer 84

of servings of vegetables per week and body weight

Question 85

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the STRONGEST relationship between two variables?
-.93
.23
-.01
.63

Answer 85

-.93

Question 86

Your car insurance company wants to know your gender, age, and marital status because these things predict the likelihood that you will be involved in an auto accident.  Insurance companies have statisticians who analyze how such variables relate to risk for being involved in an accident.  Which predictor variable are they going to be MOST interested in?  One with a correlation coefficient of \_\_\_\_\_.
.25
-.73
-.45
.62

Answer 86

-.73

Question 87

Imagine that you are listening to talk radio. A guest speaker says, “Behavioral science research shows that there is a positive correlation between the age at which teens first become sexually active and self-esteem. This means that waiting until one is older to have sex for the first time causes higher self-esteem among teens.” Is this interpretation warranted?
Yes
No

Answer 87

No

Question 88

Dr. Lee has been treating someone with an unusual combination of symptoms. He notes that there is no published research on such a combination of symptoms, and considers developing a case study. How would Dr. Lee conduct this study?

Try to find other cases like the one he is treating.
Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual.
Examine treatment response using an ABAB design.
Withhold treatment in an effort to fully understand the significance of symptoms.

Answer 88

Gather detailed historical and biographical information on this single individual.

Question 89

.  Dr. Hauser hypothesized that depression is related to stress, such that people who are more depressed are also more stressed. Which of the following correlations between depression and stress would best support her hypothesis?
0
 .55
.80
 -.99

Answer 89

.80

Question 90

.  Saying that a research result is "statistically significant" means that it probably
has practical applications
shows a cause-effect relationship
did not occur by chance
shows a positive correlation

Answer 90

did not occur by chance

Question 91

. Psychopathologists rely upon correlational research since
it is effective in determining cause and effect
many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated
ethical considerations prevent them from doing case studies
they cannot measure all the constructs

Answer 91

many of the variables they wish to study cannot be manipulated

Question 92

Dr. Fiedler found that people with schizophrenia are more likely to have lower socioeconomic status than those who do not have schizophrenia. What can you conclude from this study?
Poverty is a cause of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia leads to poverty.
Economic reform would reduce the incidence of schizophrenia.
Schizophrenia and poverty are related.

Answer 92

Schizophrenia and poverty are related.

Question 93

Incidence refers to
the likelihood that a disorder will be found in another culture.
the number of people who develop new cases of the disorder in a given time period.
the proportion of a population that has a disorder now.
the likelihood that a person will have a disorder given that they have a particular characteristic

Answer 93

the number of people who develop new cases of the disorder in a given time period.

Question 94

Concordance for disorders should be greater for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ if there is a genetic predisposition for the condition.
monozygotic; dizygotic pairs
genotypic; phenotypic pairs
dizygotic; monozygotic pairs
phenotypic; genotypic pairs

Answer 94

monozygotic; dizygotic pairs

Question 95

Dr. Wilhelm randomly assigned 50 depressed patients (half women and half men) to two groups for treatment. One group received medication and the other received cognitive therapy. Ratings of the depression level of the subjects were taken before and after treatment. The rating of subjects’ depression level is the

dependent variable
confound variable
third variable
independent variable

Answer 95

dependent variable

Question 96

In an experiment, control groups and random assignment are used to
improve internal validity
increase statistical significance
improve external validity
minimize correlations

Answer 96

improve internal validity

Question 97

When conducting a study on the effects of different medications in the treatment of depression, if the individual dispensing the medication does not know which medication he/she is giving and the patient is unaware of which medication is being received, the study is called
double-blind
analogue
externally valid
confounded

Answer 97

double-blind

Question 98

In a single-subject ABAB design, ABAB refers to
repeatedly introducing and removing the treatment
repeatedly measuring different behaviors
the statistical procedure used to analyze the results
repeating the procedure with additional subjects

Answer 98

repeatedly introducing and removing the treatment

Question 99

In research using the twin method, a disorder is heritable if the concordance is __________ in DZ compared to MZ twins is

higher
the same
lower
absent

Answer 99

lower

Question 100

The research design that does NOT accomplish the goal of being able to draw broad conclusions is the

longitudinal design.
correlational method.
case-study method.
experimental method

Answer 100

case-study method.

Question 101

In correlational studies it can be hard to show which variable led to a change in the other variable. This is a problem with

incidence.
directionality.
clinical significance.
cross-fostering.

Answer 101

directionality.

Question 102

“About 2% of adults have obsessive-compulsive disorder.” This is a statement about the __________ of obsessive-compulsive disorder.

risk factor
prevalence
correlation coefficient
incidence

Answer 102

prevalence

Question 103

Statistical significance is influenced by

the size of the relationship between variables
the amount of hypotheses
the number of participants in the study
both a and c

Answer 103

both a and c

Question 104

Which of the following are valid criticisms of the case-study method?

 It does not provide the means for ruling out alternative hypotheses.
 It cannot provide satisfactory evidence for cause-effect relationships.
 The results of a case study are influenced by many factors unique to the subject and the context of the case study.
 All of the above.

Answer 104

All of the above.

Question 105

Which of the following is a good use of case study?

to prove a model
to show that theories apply to everyone
to show cause and effect
to illustrate a rare disorder or treatment

Answer 105

to illustrate a rare disorder or treatment

Question 106

Professor Jones has observed a correlation between students sitting in the front of the room and getting better grades in her classes. In order to conduct an “experiment” on this, Professor Jones could

adjust her data for overall grade point average.
obtain similar data from other professors and classes.
collect data on student study habits.
assign students randomly to seats

Answer 106

assign students randomly to seats

Question 107

Meta-analysis is

a method of analyzing data for an individual study.
a method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner.
a procedure that has solved the problem of psychotherapy.
none of the above.

Answer 107

a method of examining the findings from many studies in a quantitative manner.

Question 108

The more intelligent a person is, the greater the chance that he or she will receive higher grades in school. Most likely, this finding comes from which type of research?

correlational study
experiment
case study
epidemiology

Answer 108

correlational study

Question 109

Which of the following would likely produce a negative correlation?

auto accident injuries and blood alcohol level of drivers.
family income and living in the inner city.
length of hair and history of child abuse.
intelligence and grade point averages

Answer 109

family income and living in the inner city.