Exam 4 Flashcards
People with anorexia nervosa
stop eating because of an abnormal increase in blood sugar, which alters their perceptions of hunger
fear gaining weight so much that they stop eating
have lost their appetite, leading them to stop eating
stop eating but do not lose weight
fear gaining weight so much that they stop eating
Anorexia nervosa typically begins in: early childhood adolescence early adulthood late adulthood
adolescence
People with anorexia nervosa are also frequently diagnosed with depression anxiety substance abuse all of the above
all of the above
During binge episodes, many bulimics feel a great sense of control experience a feeling of being out of control feel very satisfied none of the above
experience a feeling of being out of control
The feature common to both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa is low body weight fear of gaining weight panic attacks none of the above
fear of gaining weight
Individuals with binge eating disorder are
relatively confident with their body image
more likely to be African American than Caucasian
more likely to be men than women
often obese
often obese
Eating disorders are usually caused by genetic disposition neurochemical imbalance sociocultural pressures a combination of factors
a combination of factors
Which of the following brain mechanisms have been implicated in anorexia?
A) Starvation releases natural pain-reducing opioids producing a high, which reinforces not eating.
B) With puberty, female hormones increase dramatically and damage centers which control eating in the thalamus and pituitary.
c) Excessive exercise depletes the brain of neurotransmitters utilized by areas that regulate hunger or satiation.
d) Stress-released hormones reduce the sensitivity of receptors that detect blood-sugar levels and release hormones that induce hunger.
Starvation releases natural pain-reducing opioids producing a high, which reinforces not eating.
In the cognitive-behavioral view, the non-eating of anorexics is reinforced by
reducing anxiety about being fat
reducing sexual demands from males
attention of overly concerned family members
increased time and energy for studies
reducing anxiety about being fat
A recent review of many studies concluded that \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, no matter how it is measured, is higher among girls with anorexia than girls without anorexia, and that it remains high even after successful treatment for anorexia. neuroticism introversion constraint perfectionism
perfectionism
Which is NOT a disadvantage of medication in the treatment of bulimia? relapses when medication is stopped it controls only bingeing, not purging unpleasant side effects high dropout rates
it controls only bingeing, not purging
The first step in treating anorexia nervosa is
medication to reduce anxiety about eating
education on the importance of a well-balanced diet
hospitalization to promote and monitor eating
assessment to identify causes and plan individualized treatment
hospitalization to promote and monitor eating
Approximately twice per week, Tiffany binges on junk food and then makes herself vomit to avoid weight gain. What else do you need to know about Tiffany to know whether the appropriate diagnosis for her is anorexia nervosa, binge eating/purging subtype, or bulimia nervosa?
Whether her self-image is unduly influenced by her weight
Her weight
Her ethnicity
All of the above
Her weight
Kathy binges on fast food approximately three times per week. What do you need to know to decide whether the appropriate diagnosis for her is bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder?
Whether Kathy is depressed
Whether Kathy is obese
Whether Kathy engages in compensatory behaviors
Kathy’s age
Whether Kathy engages in compensatory behaviors
Which is the most common eating disorder?
Anorexia
Bulimia
Binge eating disorder
Binge eating disorder
Which of the following neurochemicals has NOT been linked to eating disorders? Serotonin GABA Dopamine Endogenous opioids
GABA
Christine is very afraid of becoming fat. She finds that, when she is able to go a whole day without eating, her fears about becoming fat are greatly reduced. Christine is experiencing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ for going all day without eating. Positive punishment Negative punishment Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement
Negative reinforcement
Jenny has been trying to lose weight. She just ate a nacho chip from her friend’s plate. Which of the following statements on Jenny’s part illustrates the abstinence violation effect?
I’m weak. I’ll never be able to lose weight.
All my friends are eating nachos. Why shouldn’t I?
Oh well. One nacho won’t hurt me.
I blew it. I may as well eat the rest of them.
I blew it. I may as well eat the rest of them.
Which of the following factors has been found to predict binge eating? Stress Negative affect Restrained eating All of the above
All of the above
Who will perform WORST on a math test?
Katie, who has been asked to try on a sweater before taking the test
Chloe, who has been asked to try on a swimsuit before taking the test
Ben, who has been asked to try on a sweater before taking the test
Danny, who has been asked to try on a swimsuit before taking the test
Chloe, who has been asked to try on a swimsuit before taking the test
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Longitudinal research suggests that, as women age, they become more concerned with weight and diet more often.
Developing nations have higher rates of eating disorder than industrialized nations.
In the US, Caucasian women are more likely to experience body dissatisfaction than African American women.
In the US, the gap in the incidence of eating disorders among white women and women of color is increasing.
In the US, Caucasian women are more likely to experience body dissatisfaction than African American women.
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Personality traits affect eating behavior.
Eating behavior affects personality traits.
Both of the above
Neither of the above
Both of the above
Which of the following treatments is effective for anorexia? Cognitive-behavioral therapy Antidepressant medication Family therapy Both A and C
Both A and C
Which of the following statements about the treatment of bulimia is TRUE?
Antidepressant treatment is more effective than CBT
CBT is more effective than antidepressant medication
CBT is more effective than antidepressant medication
Which of the following is a symptom of inattention? Making careless mistakes Talking excessively Having trouble taking turns Fidgeting
Making careless mistakes
Which of the following is a symptom of hyperactivity?
Not appearing to listen when one is spoken to directly
Failing to finish work, chores, etc.
Losing things needed for tasks and activities
Getting up from one’s seat, when remaining seated is expected
Getting up from one’s seat, when remaining seated is expected
In order to be diagnosed with ADHD, a person must have shown impairment in at least 2 or more settings before age \_\_\_\_\_. 6 9 12 15
12
What is the prevalence of ADHD? 0.5% - 1% 8% - 11% 10% - 13% 20% - 22%
8% - 11%
Siblings of children with ADHD are \_\_\_\_\_ more likely to have the disorder. No 1-2x 3-4x 5-6x
3-4x
What area of the brain has been implicated as playing a causal role in ADHD? Frontal cortex Amygdala Hippocampus Cerebellum
Frontal cortex
The difficult family environment that is more common among children with ADHD may _____
Be a cause of the child’s ADHD
Be a reaction to the child’s ADHD
Be the result of a genetic predisposition to problems with a lack of control shared by the family members
All of the above
Be the result of a genetic predisposition to problems with a lack of control shared by the family members
What percentage of children with ADHD respond positively to stimulant medications? 15% 35% 55% 75%
75%
Which of the following is probably the most effective treatment for ADHD?
Behavioral therapy
Medication
Behavioral therapy plus medication
Behavioral therapy plus medication
What is the term for interactions that require two people to pay attention to each other? Joint attention Simultaneous attention Other-focused attention Reciprocal attention
Joint attention
What is the theory of mind?
The understanding that other people have different desires, beliefs, intentions, and emotions than oneself
The belief that the mind is separate from the brain
The theory the mind is a spiritual, non-physical entity
The understanding that the mind works much like a computer.
The understanding that other people have different desires, beliefs, intentions, and emotions than oneself
Which of the following is an example of a repetitive or ritualistic behavior?
Reversing one’s pronouns
Flapping one’s hands
Difficulties in understanding nonverbal communication
The absence of interest in peers
Flapping one’s hands
Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder include all of the following EXCEPT __________.
Deficits in nonverbal communication used for social interaction
Diminished ability to experience pleasure
Deficits in the ability to develop and understand social relationships
Hypo- or hyperreactivity to sensory input
Diminished ability to experience pleasure
Which of the following statements about the intellectual abilities of individuals with autism spectrum disorder is TRUE?
Less than 20% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder show intellectual impairment
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder perform better on tests of visual-spatial abilities than tests of language abilities
Approximately 50% of individuals with autism spectrum disorder show exceptional abilities in one area (such as math or music)
Individuals with autism show delays in gross motor development.
Individuals with autism spectrum disorder perform better on tests of visual-spatial abilities than tests of language abilities
What is the prevalence of autism? 1 out of 1110 (.09%) 1 out of 110 (.9%) 1 out of 75 (1.3%) 1 out of 50 (2%)
1 out of 110 (.9%)
Which of the following statements about autism spectrum disorder is TRUE?
The DZ twin concordance rate for is approximately equal to the MZ twin concordance rate.
Researchers estimate that the heritability of autism spectrum disorder is approximately 40%
Siblings of individuals with autism often experience deficits in social interaction and communication.
All of the above
Siblings of individuals with autism often experience deficits in social interaction and communication.
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
Systematizing is the drive to analyze or construct a system.
Children with Asperger’s disorder score higher than typically developing children on a test of understanding mechanics.
Math students are more likely to have autism than humanities students.
A study in England found that the families of children with autism were more likely (than control group families) to include artists.
A study in England found that the families of children with autism were more likely (than control group families) to include artists.
What is the assortative mating hypothesis, as applied to autism spectrum disorder?
Individuals with autism are less likely to reproduce than individuals without autism.
When people who are technically-minded reproduce with other people who are technically-minded, they may pass on genes that increase the risk of developing autism.
When people who have autism date, they become too focused on the technical details of the date.
When people have children later in life, their offspring show increased rates of autism.
When people who are technically-minded reproduce with other people who are technically-minded, they may pass on genes that increase the risk of developing autism.
The brains of individuals with autism are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than the brain of individuals without autism. Are larger Are smaller Are less dense Show more convolutions
Are larger
Which category of medication is most often used to treat autism? Antidepressant medications Antianxiety medications Anticonvulsant medications Antipsychotic medications
Antipsychotic medications
Which of the following statements about the treatment of autism is FALSE?
Effective treatments are based on the principles of operant conditioning
Parent training is less important than clinic treatment
Behavioral treatments have been shown to increase IQ, language, and daily living skills
Medication alone is less effective than behavioral treatment
Parent training is less important than clinic treatment
Externalizing disorders include all of the following EXCEPT ADHD oppositional defiant disorder conduct disorder social withdrawal
social withdrawal
As compared to developmentally normal levels of hyperactivity, diagnosable hyperactivity
impairs the child’s functioning.
negatively affects the child’s ability to mature appropriately.
is treatable only with medication.
all of the above
impairs the child’s functioning.
Epidemiological studies indicate that ADHD is
about equally common in boys and girls.
more common in boys.
more common in girls.
more common in girls with conduct disorder but in boys with oppositional defiant disorder.
more common in boys.
. The association between nicotine and ADHD is that
1) children’s smoking can cause attention problems.
2) maternal smoking can cause hyperactivity in offspring.
3) nicotine in pill form reduces the side effects of Ritalin.
4) the combination of Ritalin and nicotine has been shown to cause dangerous synergistic effects in adults with ADHD
maternal smoking can cause hyperactivity in offspring.
Shannon, a junior in high school, was recently suspended from school for stealing money from ninth-graders, writing graffiti on the bathroom walls, and beating up another student. Shannon’s teacher reports that she has very few friends. The most likely diagnosis for Shannon would be
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
antisocial personality disorder.
oppositional defiant disorder.
conduct disorder
conduct disorder
Both \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ theories of the etiology of conduct disorder have empirical support. genetic; environmental behavioral; psychoanalytic biochemical; behavioral labeling; biological
genetic; environmental
Children with learning disabilities typically have __________ intelligence.
severely deficient
slightly below average
average to above-average intelligence
none of the above; learning disabilities are equally distributed across all levels of intelligence
average to above-average intelligence
The DSM-5 diagnosis of intellectual disability requires both low intellectual functioning and poor social skills. poor adaptive functioning poor academic achievement. inability to hold a job.
poor adaptive functioning
. Studies of treatment for childhood fears and phobias suggest that the best treatment is based on exposure methods. relaxation. insight-oriented therapy. parent training.
based on exposure methods.
Cognitive therapy in children with intellectual disability
is the primary method used for teaching them self-care skills.
is combined with insight therapies to help them understand and cope with rejection.
focuses on teaching the children to use self-instructions to guide their problem solving
is inappropriate, since such children are unable to grasp the concepts.
focuses on teaching the children to use self-instructions to guide their problem solving
What is the best diagnostic label for Misha? At six years of age, she does not play with other children and turns away when they approach her. She spends much of her time spinning a pencil endlessly in her fingers. She does not talk to others although she does sing jingles from TV commercials. intellectual disability expressive language disorder autism spectrum disorder separation anxiety disorder
autism spectrum disorder
At the present time, medication interventions are __________ behavioral intervention programs in treating autism.
less effective than
more effective than
as effective as
none of the above; effectiveness depends on the individual patient’s characteristics
less effective than
The three features that are required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa include all of the following EXCEPT:
restriction of behaviors that lead to very low body weight
intense fear of gaining weight and being fat
body weight is normal
distorted body image
body weight is normal
The DSM-5 diagnosis of Bulimia Nervosa requires that the episodes of bingeing occur:
at least once a week for 6 months
at least once a month for 6 months
at least once a week for 3 months
at least once a month for 3 months
at least once a week for 3 months
Which of the following is defined, in part, by the absence of purging?
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder
purging occurs in all of these conditions
binge eating disorder
In the opening case study, Lynne, the 24-year-old who weighted only 78 pounds, was admitted to the psychiatric ward of general hospital for the treatment of:
depression.
anorexia nervosa.
anxiety.
bulimia nervosa.
anorexia nervosa.
Many cultures, including the United States, are preoccupied with food. Evidence of this fact includes all of the following EXCEPT:
number of restaurants available
food magazines
cooking shows on television
number of diet books on the market
number of diet books on the market
Adelaide, who has bulimia, is being treated solely with fluoxetine (Prozac). If she stops taking the drug, she will most likely
develop anorexia nervosa
maintain normal eating patterns over the long term
become obese
relapse
relapse
When those with bulimia nervosa are bingeing they:
- are fully aware of what they are doing and feel shame afterwards
- are not always fully aware of what they are doing and feel shame afterwards
- do not care what they are doing and whether their actions are positive or negative
- none of the above
are not always fully aware of what they are doing and feel shame afterwards
Starting with the DSM-IV, eating disorders were listed as
disorders beginning in childhood or adolescence
somatization disorders
a separate diagnostic category
psychological factors affecting medical condition
a separate diagnostic category
In 2012, over __________ of men and women in the US were obese.
a third
two thirds
10%
a quarter
a third
The distorted body image that accompanies anorexia nervosa is frequently assessed using the:
Eating Disorders Inventory
Ecological Momentary Assessment
Feeding Distortion Inventory
None of the above
Eating Disorders Inventory
The difference in the incidence of eating disorders between Caucasian and African Americans has been largely attributed to
genetic factors.
errors in diagnosis.
socioeconomic status rather than race, but this is less true today.
family environment factors
socioeconomic status rather than race, but this is less true today.
Feeding and Eating Disorders also include which of the following disorders?
Pica
Rumination Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Both a and b
Both a and b
After successful cognitive-behavioral treatment of bulimia, patients sometimes also
have reduced depression
witness marital conflict in their parents
develop anorexia nervosa
become obese
have reduced depression
Margaret, a Canadian, and Rosemary, a Nigerian, are asked to rate the attractiveness of a drawing of an obese woman. Which of the following is most likely to occur?
Rosemary will rate the woman as more attractive than Margaret’s rating of the woman.
Margaret will rate the woman as more attractive than Rosemary’s rating of the woman.
They will similarly rate the woman as highly unattractive.
They will similarly rate the woman as highly attractive.
Rosemary will rate the woman as more attractive than Margaret’s rating of the woman.
Regina visits her family physician. Her weight is 90 pounds, although she believes she is overweight. She ‘snacks’ on laxatives, and restricts her eating to one small meal a day, after which she exercises for two hours. Her physical exam is likely to reveal that she has
calcium deposits
fibroid tumors
improved muscle tone
lowered heart rate and blood pressure
lowered heart rate and blood pressure
Which of the following has been shown to lead to reliable long-term maintenance of weight gain in treating anorexia?
cognitive-behavioral therapy
family therapy
psychodynamic therapy
none of the above has been shown to reliably lead to long-term maintenance of weight gain
none of the above has been shown to reliably lead to long-term maintenance of weight gain
Anorexia nervosa typically begins in:
adolescence
early childhood
late adulthood
early adulthood
adolescence
In anorexia nervosa, ______________ is the most central feature.
emergence of lanugo
refusal to eat
purging leading to very low body weight
restriction of food that leads to very low body weight
restriction of food that leads to very low body weight
Eating disorders are usually caused by
sociocultural pressures
neurochemical imbalance
a combination of factors
genetic disposition
a combination of factors
A weakness of many of the family studies of eating disorders is that
most rely upon self-report and not direct observation.
limited generalizability, given the laboratory nature of the research.
an inadequate level of attention paid to third variable causes.
an overreliance upon a single theoretical paradigm.
most rely upon self-report and not direct observation.
In 2010, a study of over 500,000 women found that __________ was more important in predicting high birth weights than genetic factors
mothers’ weight gain during pregnancy
mothers’ level of exercise during pregnancy
fathers’ weight
none of the above
mothers’ weight gain during pregnancy
Although the hypothalamus has been considered a part of the biological etiology of anorexia, a limitation of this view is that it does not take into account
hunger and the obsession with food
body image disturbance
fear of becoming fat
all of the above
all of the above
Anorexia nervosa implies that those with the disorder become uninterested in food, while the reality is that:
they are repulsed by food
they are preoccupied with food
they like to watch other people eat food
they truly are not interested in food
they are preoccupied with food
Eating disorders are more common in women who are
less educated
white
single
urban
white
As compared to anorexia nervosa, the diagnosis of bulimia nervosa is associated with
higher mortality rates
lower mortality rates
equal mortality rates
none of the above; data on mortality caused by eating disorders does not exist
lower mortality rates
A recent review of many studies concludes that __________, no matter how it is measured, is higher among girls with anorexia than girls without anorexia, and that it remains high even after successful treatment for anorexia.
perfectionism
neuroticism
introversion
constraint
perfectionism
In the DSM-IV-TR, ____________ was viewed as a condition requiring further study, but in the DSM-5 it has its own diagnostic category.
rumination disorder
obsessive eating disorder
pica
binge eating disorder
binge eating disorder
Studies show that those with eating disorders __________ more than the average person does.
go to restaurants
ruminate over their problems
focus on food-related words
stay at home
focus on food-related words
A biological consequence of anorexia nervosa is
dry skin
kidney and gastrointestinal problems
lanugo
all of the above
all of the above
If your sister has anorexia nervosa and you are female,
there is no greater risk to you for developing anorexia nervosa.
you are over twenty times more likely to have anorexia nervosa.
you are over ten times more likely to have anorexia nervosa.
you are over two times more likely to have anorexia nervosa.
you are over ten times more likely to have anorexia nervosa.
The textbook authors assert that psychologists need to consider what when evaluating the personalities of people with anorexia and bulimia?
- Severe restriction of food intake can have powerful effects on personality and behavior
- Psychosocial stressors are more important to assess than personality
- How friendly they are
- Personality shouldn’t be important when trying to understand an eating disorder
Severe restriction of food intake can have powerful effects on personality and behavior
In the cognitive-behavioral view, the non-eating of anorexics is reinforced by
attention of overly concerned family members
reducing anxiety about being fat
increased time and energy for studies
reducing sexual demands from males
reducing anxiety about being fat
Which of the following statements is true regarding gender differences in eating disorders?
- Women are more likely to have both bulimia and anorexia than men.
- Adequate prevalence data on eating disorders has not been collected for men, because men are reluctant to disclose disordered eating patterns.
- Women are more likely to have bulimia, while men are more likely to have anorexia.
- Men are more likely to have bulimia, while women are more likely to have anorexia.
Women are more likely to have both bulimia and anorexia than men
