Chapter 2

Question 1

What are the three contemporary approaches to studying human communication?

Answer 1

Paradigim
Theory
Methods

Question 2

Belief system that represents a particular worldview (contemp approach)

Answer 2

Paradigm

Question 3

Set of statements that explains a phenomeon and sometimes leads to hypothesis (contemp approach)

Answer 3

Theory

Question 4

A supposition or propsed explanation

Answer 4

Hypothesis

Question 5

The specific ways that scholars collect and analyze data which they then use to prove their theories (contemp approach)

Answer 5

Methods

Question 6

Contemporary term for the behaviorist approach

Answer 6

Social science approach

Question 7

The focus on the study of behavior as a science

Answer 7

Behaviorism

Question 8

Type of approach that focuses on the individual OR the dyrad (no regard to societal forces)

Answer 8

Social science approach

Question 9

Relating to everyday, real -life situations, such as a classroom, cafe, or mall

Answer 9

Naturalistic

Question 10

Methods that convert data to numerical indicators, and then analyze these numbers using statistics to establish relationships among the concepts

Answer 10

Quantitative

Question 11

An interaction pattern in which one partner critizes or tries to change the other partner, who responds by becoming defensive and then disengaging - either psychologically or physically

Answer 11

Demand - withdrawl

Question 12

An emotional tie, such as the closeness young children develop with their caregivers

Answer 12

Attachment

Question 13

Theories and methods of the social science approach focus on _____

Answer 13

Casuality

Question 14

Social science approach takes place in what kind of setting/settings?

Answer 14

Lab or naturalistic settings

Question 15

What kind of methods does the social science approach use to collect data

Answer 15

Quantitative

Question 16

What kind of patterns of communication does social science approach study?

Answer 16

Conflict patterns

EX: demand-withdrawl and attachment

Question 17

How many and what kind of relationships were studieed in the Divorce study?

Answer 17

500 Interracial couples

Question 18

How long were the couples in the divorce study studied?

Answer 18

Over the course of 16 years

Question 19

How did the researchers check in on the couples progress?

Answer 19

Survey each couple

Question 20

What type of couple in the divorce study had the highest divorce rate?

Answer 20

The couple where one wanted to talk the issue through and the other “stonewalled” them

Question 21

What ethical issue did the Divorce study face?

Answer 21

Had to make sure everyone involved was aware of every aspect of the trial.

Question 22

Contemporary term for humanistic (rhetorical) study

Answer 22

Interpretive approach

Question 23

Influenced by the greek tradition of rhetoric and humanism

Answer 23

Interpretive Approach

Question 24

The interpretive approach focuses on the _______

Answer 24

Individual

Question 25

Communication that is used to influence the attitudes or behaviors of others; the art of persuasion

Answer 25

Rhetoric

Question 26

A system of though that celebrates human nature and its potential

Answer 26

Humanism

Question 27

T/F: Communication is new

Answer 27

So false

Question 28

Interpretive Approach assumes...? (Assumptions)

Answer 28

The communicators perspective Emphasis on the creativity of the human behavior

Question 29

Interpretive approach uses what method for analysis?

Answer 29

Qualitative

Question 30

Methods in which researchers study naturally occuring communication rather than assembling data and converting it to numbers

Answer 30

Qualitative method

Question 31

Most ________________ endorse a paradigm that ssumes that reality is external to individuals and that one can predict future behavior based on observations of past or prsent

Answer 31

Social scientists

Question 32

_____________ assume that reality is socially constructed and is internal to inidividuals and groups, so it may not be consistent from group to group

Answer 32

Interpretivists

Question 33

The method used depends on the researchers' ______________ or ____________ to the study of human communication

Answer 33

Paradigm | Approach

Question 34

Goal of __________ researchers is to understand and describe individual human communication behavior in specific situations, from the perspective of the COMMUNIATOR

Answer 34

Interpretive

Question 35

_____________ approach:Assumptions:Behaviorism:early researchers believed aim of comm research was to describe, predict, and explain human behavior with the ultimate goal of discovering universal laws that apply across situations and contexts

Answer 35

Social science approach

Question 36

_____________ approach:Assumptions:Assume that humans construct their own reality and that researchers must tap into these constructions for a full understanding of human comm

Answer 36

Interpretive approach

Question 37

The effort to build a theory based directly on participants' experiences and words and is often used by interpretivists. (Hint: this is an approach but not one of the big 3)

Answer 37

Grounded theory approach

Question 38

4 suggestions for how to repair the damage caused by defensive comm

Answer 38

Supportive comm Apologizing and admitting wrongdoing Focusing on preventive future defensive comm A brief period of physical or verbal withdrawl

Question 39

____________ approach:Ethical Issues: Presenting findings in a way that accurately reflects the views of particpants. To ensure this, researchers often share their interpretations and conclusions with the study participants, a procedure called member checking.

Answer 39

Interpretive approach

Question 40

__________ approach: Assumptions: _________ researchers believe that one must understand the societal forces that shape how people come into contact and communicate. The roles that power and hierachy play in these exchanges must also be understood

Answer 40

Critical approach | Critical researchers

Question 41

The critical perspective has a focus on uncovering __________ relations in comm

Answer 41

Power relations

Question 42

Critical scholars generally use ____________ methods in their research, including both field observation and textual analysis

Answer 42

Qualitative

Question 43

Like the interpretive apporach, the critical approach relies on ____________ research methods and does not generate ____________ conusions

Answer 43

Qualitative Generalizable

Question 44

Our understanding of the comm process flows from all 3 research approaches, and from this we have formulated the ____________ Model of comm, which focuses on societal factors evolved from the critical approach, whereas its inclusion of individual forces reflects the influence of the social sciences and interpretive approaches

Answer 44

Synergetic

Question 45

Approach that seeks snapshots of certain comm phenomena and from them attempts to find universal laws that explain human comm

Answer 45

Social science

Question 46

Approach that uses content anaysis, ethnographic field studies, and rhetorical analysis to take a more individualized, specfic look at human comm

Answer 46

Interpretive

Question 47

Approach that seeks to uncover the element of power that exists in every interaction and to use comm analysis to effect social change

Answer 47

Critcal approach

Question 48

Relating to studies in which researchers actively engage with particpants

Answer 48

Ethnographic

Question 49

Similar to rhetorical analysis: used to analyze cultral "products" such as media and public speeches

Answer 49

Textual analysis

Question 50

Communication patterns within a specific community

Answer 50

Cultral communication

Question 51

Used by researchers to examine texts or public speeches as they occur in society with the aim of interpreting

Answer 51

Rhetorical Analysis

Question 52

Approach to understanding communication that focuses on specific aspects of the context of a text or group of texts

Answer 52

Content anaylsis

Question 53

Relating to studies in which researchers actively engage with participants

Answer 53

Ethnographic

Question 54

Communication patterns within a specific community

Answer 54

Cultural communication

Question 55

Used by researchers to examine texts or public speeches as they occur in society with the aim of interpreting textual meaning

Answer 55

Rhetorical analysis

Question 56

An approach used not only to understand human behavior but ultimately to change society also

Answer 56

Critical approach

Question 57

Similar to rhetorical analysis; used to analyze cultural "products" such as media and public speeches

Answer 57

Textual analysis

Question 58

Each ____ maintains a set of assumptions about knowledge, the nature of reality, and human nature

Answer 58

Paradigm

Question 59

Paradigms influence the development of ___ and these sometimes leads researchers to make a _____

Answer 59

Theory ; hypothesis

Question 60

The origin of the debate about the best way to approach the study of communication was between social scientists, such as _____ and interpretivists, such as _____

Answer 60

Elocutionsists | Rhetoricians

Question 61

Scholars who promoted the study of mechanics of public speaking

Answer 61

Elocutionists

Question 62

Scholars who studied the art of public speaking and persuasion

Answer 62

Rhetoricians

Question 63

This approach focuses on the individual, or, less frequently, the dyad

Answer 63

Social science approach

Question 64

What is an assumption of the social science approach?

Answer 64

Behaviorism

Question 65

Social scientists researchers are interested in causality and study this by doing what?

Answer 65

Making initial hypothesis and testing those predictions

Question 66

The tests on the hypothesis in social science approach are done in what ways?

Answer 66

Naturalistic, a laboratory, surveys, focused interviews

Question 67

Once data is collected, social science researchers use what methods to analyze data

Answer 67

Quantitative methods

Question 68

Two areas of research in social science relational research focus on what and what

Answer 68

Demand-withdrawal and attachment

Question 69

Social scientist approach try's to ____ communication patterns and this is a strength. A weakness of this is that?

Answer 69

Predict | - human communication is not always predictable outside the controlled setting

Question 70

This approach focuses on the individual in specific situations from the perspective of the communicator and looks at the uniqueness or creativity of human behavior in constructing individual realities, rather than the predictability of peoples' actions

Answer 70

Interpretive approach

Question 71

Interpretive researchers use what methods and this approach is a type of what!

Answer 71

Qualitative methods | - content analysis

Question 72

Communication scholar Donal Carbaugh conducted studies in which he described the cultural communication patterns of various communities through what approach?

Answer 72

Interpretive approach

Question 73

This approach is interested in how societal forces, such as power and hierarchy, interact with individual forces with the goal of changing society for the better

Answer 73

Critical approach

Question 74

Which is the better approach?

Answer 74

TRICK QUESTION. none. Combo of all 3 is great tho