Chapter 2 Flashcards
1
Q
anything that has mass and occupies space can eist in three states; solid, liquid, or gas (no volume or shape)
A
matter
2
Q
study of matter and its interactions
A
chemistry
3
Q
smallest unit of matter that retains original properties
A
atom
4
Q
in nucleus; positive charge;
A
proton
5
Q
in nucleus; no charge
A
neutron
6
Q
in cloud; negative charge (these are in the shells in the clous so we can have chemical bonding)
A
electron
7
Q
atoms are electrically ______- they have _______ ________; # of protons and electrons are ____ cancelling each others charge; number of ____ do not have to equal number of protons
A
neutral, no charge
equal
neutrons
8
Q
regions surronding atomic nucleus where elctrons exist
A
electron shell
9
Q
of protons that an atom has in its nucleus is
A
atomic number
10
Q
substance that cannot be broken down into simple substance by chemical means
A
element
11
Q
what’re the 4 chemicals that make up 96% of our bodies?
A
hydrogen
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
12
Q
the periodice table lists elements by their ____
A
increasing atomic numbers
13
Q
atoms of two or more elements physically intermixed w/out changing chem nature of the elements themselves
A
mixture
14
Q
mixture containing two or more components with large unevenly distributed particles; WILL settle out when left undisturbed
A
suspension (type of mixture)
15
Q
2 or more components with small, evenly distributed particles; will NOT settle out
A
colloid (type of mixture)
16
Q
2 or more components w/ extremely small, evenly distributed particles; will NOT settle out; contain a solute dissolved in a solvent
A
solutions
17
Q
sustance that is dissolved
A
solute (sugar/ solid)
18
Q
substance that dissolves solute
A
solvent( water/ liquid)
19
Q
What are energy relationships based on?
A
electrons
20
Q
matter can be combined chemically when atons are combined by ___
A
chemical bonds
21
Q
formed by chem bonding between 2 or more atoms of same element; atoms come together to form this
A
molecule
22
Q
formed when 2 or more atoms from diff elements combine by chem bonding
A
compound
23
Q
very large molecules composed of many atoms
A
macromolecules
24
Q
represent molecules symbolically w/ letters and numbers; formula giving the numbers of atoms of each of the elements present in one molecule of a specific compound
A
molecular formulas
25
Chem bonds are formed when ___ _____ of atoms interact
valence electrons
26
what determines how an atom interacts with other atoms and whether it will bond w/ a specific atoms
valence electrons
27
states thaat an atom is most stable when it has 8 electrons in its valence shell
octet rule
28
states that for atoms w/ 5 or fewer electrons, that the atoms are most stable when there valence elctron shell has 2 electrosn
duet rule
29
formed when electrons are transferred from a metal atom to a nonmetal; results in formation of ions; transfer that results in a charged molecule (cations and anions) (ex: sodium chloride)
ionic bond
30
positively charged ion; forms when metal loses one or more electrons
cation
31
negatively charged ion; forms when nonmetal gains one or more elctron
anion
32
form when two or more nonmetals share electrons; strongest bond
covalent bond
33
how many covalent bonds can we have?
single bond, double bond, or triple bond of electron pairs
34
all elements have protons that attract electrons; property known as...
electronegativity
35
the ___ electronegativity an element has the more strongly it ______, which then _____ them away from less electronegative elements
more, attracts, pulls
36
results when two nonmetals in a molecule w/ similar or identical electronegaticities pull with equal force. Therefore share electrons equally
nonpolar covalent bonds
37
what 3 situations can nonpolar molecules occur in?
- atoms sharing electrons are same elements
- arrangement of atoms makes one atom unabe to pull more stongly than another atom
- bond is between carbon and hydrogen
38
forms polar molecules when nonmetals w/ diff electronegativities interact resulting in an unequal sharing of electrons (ex water)
polar covalent bonds
39
polar molecules w/ partially positive and partially negative ends are known as...
dipoles
40
atoms w/ higher electronegativity in polar covalent bonds become ___
partially negative
41
weak attractions between partially positive end of one dipole and partially negative end of another dipole
hydrogen bonds
42
what is respondisble for surfacce tension?
hydrogen bonds
43
what's the key property of water?
surface tension
44
occurs every time a chemical bond is formed, broken, or rearranged, or when electrons are transferred between two or more atoms
chemical reaction
45
series of symbols and abbreviations used to demonstrate what occurs in a reaction
chemical notation
46
in a chemical equation, _____ are on the left side, are startgin ingridients; will undergo reaction
reactants
47
in a chem euqation, ___ are on the right side, are the results of the reaction
products
48
reactions can proceed in either direction as denoted by 2 arrows tht run in opposite directions
reversible reactions
49
capacity to do work or put matter into motion or fuel chemical reactions
energy
50
stored energy; can be released to do work at some later time
potential energy
51
potential energy that has been released or set in motion to perform work; all atoms have this energy b/c they are constantly in motion
kinectic energy
52
energy found in bonds between atoms; drives nearly all chem process
chem energy
53
generated by movement of charged particles or ions
electrical energy
54
energy directly transferred from one object to another
mechanical energy
55
reactions that require input of energy from another source; products contain more energy than reactants b/c energy was inversted so reaction could proceed
endergonic reactions
56
reactions release excess energy (heat) so products have less energy than reactants
exergonic reactions
57
when a large substance is broken down into smaller substances; uses ____ energy
catobolic reactions
exergonic
AB- A + B
58
one or more atoms form reactants are exchanged for another; rearranging atoms
exchange reactions
| AB + CD- AD + BC
59
special kind of exchange reaction; occurs when electros and energy are exchanged instead of atoms
oxidation-reduction reactions
60
special kind of exchange reaction; occurs when electros and energy are exchanged instead of atoms; this reaction is a ____ reaction
oxidation-reduction reactions
| exergonic
61
reactant that loses electrons is
oxidized
62
reactant that gains electrons is
reduced
63
reactions that occur when small subunits are united by chemical bonds to make large more complex substances (take small and make it big); this reaction is a ____ reaction
anabolic reaction
A + B- AB
endergonic
64
the energy required to overcome the repulsion of their own electrons is called
activation energy
65
why must activation energy be used?
so that the reactants reach their transition states (ready to form new bonds) in order to react and form products (hill ex on page 11)
66
which factors increase reaction rate by reducing activation energy or increasing likelihood of strong collisions between reactants (4)
- concentration
- temperature
- reactant properties
- presence or absense of catalyst
67
how will concentration increase reaction rate by reducing activation energy or increasing likelihood of strong collisions between reactants
the more concentrated it is the more likely it'll increase the chances of a sucessful collisions
68
how will temperature increase reaction rate by reducing activation energy or increasing likelihood of strong collisions between reactants
heat a substance up, atoms move more, so it will collide.
69
how will reactant properties increase reaction rate by reducing activation energy or increasing likelihood of strong collisions between reactants
size and phase influence reaction rates:
| small atoms have more energy and move faster; gasses are faster than solids
70
substance that increases reaction rate by lowering activation energy w/out being consumed or altered in reaction
catalyst
71
biological catalysts; most are proteins
enzymes
72
describes enzyme's interaction w/ its substrates; binding of a substance causes a small shape change that ___ energy of activation (shape of active site on enzyme, directly matches shape of reactants)
induced-fit mechanism
| reduces
73
the chemistry of life
biochemistry
74
____ ____ do not contain carbon bonded to hydrogen; include ____ ( 4 exjs)
include water, acids, bases, and salts
75
those compounds that do contain carbon bonded to hydrogen
organic compounds
76
___ makes up 60-80% of mass of human body and has several key properties vital to our existence (4)
water (polar covalent bond)
1. high heat capacity- able to absorb hear w/out significantly changing temp itself ( lake takes long time to warm up)
2. carries heat w/ it when it evaporates
3. cushions and protects body structures because of relatively high density
4. acts as a lubricants between 2 adjacent surfaces (reduces friction)
77
___ is the body's primary solvent or the universal solvent? why?
water
| b/c so many solutes will dissolve in it entirely or to some degree
78
water is only able to dissolve what?
hydrophillic solutes
"like dissolves like"
water dissolves ionic and polar covalent structures
79
solutes that do not have fully or partially charged ends are...; do not dissolved in water; includes uncharged nonpolar covalent molecules like ___ and ____
hydrophobic
| oils and fats
80
___ recive/ accept H while _____ donate H
bases
| acids donate
81
hydrogen ion or proton donor; # of hydrogen ions increases in water when its is added; pH less than 7
acid
82
hydrogen ion acceptor; # of hydrogen ions decreases in water when its addded; pH is greater than 7
base
83
chemical system that resists changes in pH; prevents large swings in pH when acid or base is added to a solution
buffer
84
any metal cation and nonmetal anion held together by ionic bonds
salt
85
salts can dissolved in water to form cations and anions called ....; These are capable of what?
electrolytes
| electrical current
86
single units; makes up carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid by taking out water
monomers
87
combine single subunits that can be combined to build larger structures
polymers
88
anabolic reaction that links monomers together and makes a molecule of water in process
dehydration synthesis
89
catabolic reaction that uses water to break up polymers into smaller subunits
hydrolysis
90
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, function primarily as fuel; energy storage; important for storage
carbohydrates
91
sugar; monomers from which all carbs are made; glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose are most abundant version of this
monosacchrides
92
What chemicals make up lactose
glucose + galactose
93
What chemicals make up maltose
glucose + glucose
94
formed by union of two monosaccharides by dehydration synthesis; pull water out
disaccharides
95
What chemicals make up table salt?
glucose + fructose
96
3 main types of carbs:
- polysaccharides
- disaccharides
- monosaccharides
97
consist of many monosaccharides joined to one another by dehydration synthesis reactions
polysaccharides
98
____ is the storage polymer of glucose. It's mostly in ____ and _____
glycogen
| skeletal muscle and liver cells
99
group of nonpolar hydrophobic* molecules composed primarily of carbon and hydrogen; includes fats and oils; important in _____ structure; in lipid bilayer, under your skin, around kidneys (for _____)
lipids
cellular
protection
*won't do well in water; issue if we want to transport lipid molecules in blood
100
lipid monomers; may have non, one, or more double bonds between carbons in hydrocarbon chain; building blocks
fatty acid
101
solid at room temperature; have no double bonds; bad for your health (in butter and whipped cream)
saturated fatty acids
102
generally liquid at room temperature; have 1 double bond;
monounsaturated fatty acids
| better to commsume unsaturated fat than saturated
103
liquid at room temp; have 2 or more double bonds
polyunsaturated fatty acids
104
3 fatty acids linked by dehydration synthesis (pull out water) toglycerol; storage polymer for fatty acids
triglyceride
105
composed of a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid tails and one phosphate head. What makes the phospholipids vital to the structure of the cell membranes?
phospholipid
| amphiphilic nature
106
molecule w/ polar head and a nonpolar tail
amphiphilic
107
nonpolar and share a steroid nucleus; ex: vitamin D, bial salts, secretion from gall bladder
steroids
108
steroid that forms basis for all other steroids
cholesterol
109
What are all the functions of proteins? (5)
- function as enzymes
- play structural roles
- involved in movement
- function in the body's defenses
- can be used as fuel
110
20 diff ______; can be linked by______ into polypeptides
amino acids
| peptide bonds
111
formed from 2 or more amino acids linked together by peptide bonds through dehydration synthesis
peptides
112
consist of 2 amino acids, tripeptides (3 amino acids), and polypeptides ( 10 or more amino acids)
dipeptides
113
long rope like stands; composed mostly of nonpolar amino acids; link things together and add strength and durability to structures; water insoluble
fiborous proteins
114
spherical or globe-like; composed mostly of polar amino acids; function as enzymes, hormones, and other cell messangers; water soluble
globular proteins
115
amino acid sequence of polypeptide chain
primary structure (complex structure of a complete protein is divided into four levels this is one)
116
one or more segments of primary structure folded in specific ways; held together by hydrogen bonds
secondary structure
117
coilded spring; part of secondary structure; assembled
alpha helix
118
venetian blind; spontaneously; part of secondary structure
beta pleaded sheet
119
three-dimensional shape that peptide chain assumes (twists, folds, and coils including secondary structure); stabilized by hydrogen bonding; based on 2ndary structure
tertiary structure
120
linking together more than one polypeptide chain in a specific arrangement; critical to function of protein as a whole
quaternary structure
121
process of destroying a protein's shape by heat, pH changes, or exposure to chemicals; influenced by tem[, pH, # of diff chemicals; no way to put protein back together
protein denuturation
122
monomers of nucleic acid; DNA, RNA
nucleotides
123
how do you make up a nucleotide structure?
5 carbon pentose sugar, ribose or dexyribose, phosphate
124
doubled ringed molecule
purines
125
single-ringed molecule
pyrimidines
126
energy held in bonds; major energy transfer time (main source of energy in body);
ATP
127
how is ATP synthesized from ADP and Pi?
using energy from oxidation of fuels (like glucose)
128
production of large quantities of ATP requires what?
oxygen, which is why we breathe
129
an extremely large molecules found in nuclei of cells; composed of 2 long chairs that twist around each other to form a double helix
DNA
130
what're the bases of DNA
adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
131
What forms backbone of strand
pentose sugar deoxyribose
