Chapter 4

Question 1

study of normal structures of tissues (a group of structurally and functionally related cells and their external environment that together perform common functions); all tissues share two basic components:

Answer 1

Histology

Question 2

tightly packed sheets of cells with no visible ECM; cover and line all body surfaces and cavities; specialized epithelia form glands that manufacture secretions such as sweat, saliva, or chemical messengers called hormones

Answer 2

epitheleal tissue

Question 3

connect all other tissues in body to one another; ECM is a prominent feature for most connective tissue types with cells scattered throughout; bind, support, protect, and allow for transportation of substances; most common

Answer 3

connective tissue

Question 4

capable of generating force by contracting; little ECM between cells and always pull

Answer 4

muscle tissue

Question 5

consist of cells capable of generating, sending, receiving messages, and cells that support this activity all within a unique ECM

Answer 5

nervous tissue

Question 6

composed of substances in a liquid, thick gel, or solid that surround cells of a tissue; consist of two main components, ground substance and protein

Answer 6

extracellular matrix (ECM)

Question 7

embedded within ground substance; long molecules composed of multiple fibrous subunits with a ropelike structure; enormous tensile strength

Answer 7

protein fibers

Question 8

three protein fiber types are found within ECM?

Answer 8

collagen (largest), elastic (stretch and snap back), reticular fibers (smallest special type of collage fibers; lymphnodes with a lot of red blood cells)

Question 9

composed of protein elastin surrounded by glycoproteins; extensibility allows fiber to stretch up to one and a half times resting length without breaking; once stretched, fibers return to resting length (called elasticity)

Answer 9

elastic fibers

Question 10

thin, short collagen fibers; form a meshwork or scaffold that supports cells and ground substance of many tissues; form a weblike structure in organs like spleen that help trap foreign cells

Answer 10

reticular fibers

Question 11

make up 20–25% of all proteins in body; composed of multiple repeating subunits that form a white fibrous protein; resistant to tension (pulling and stretching forces) and pressure

Answer 11

collagen fibers

Question 12

another way cells bind to one another where neighboring cell’s plasma membranes are linked by integral proteins

Answer 12

cell junctions

Question 13

list 3 types of cell junctions

Answer 13

tight junctions, desosomes, gap junctions

Question 14

type of cell junction that hold cells closely together such that space between is impermeable to movement of macromolecules

Answer 14

tight junctions

Example – found between cellsin blood vessels; prevent bloodfrom exiting vessels

Question 15

type of cell junction that is composed of linking integral proteins; allow for materials in extracellular fluid to pass through space between cells; holds cell together; evenly distributed; in epithelia (skin); mechanical stress

Answer 15

desosomes

Question 16

type of cell junction that is a bunch of small pores formed by protein channels between adjacent cells that allow small substances to flow freely between each cell’s cytoplasm; binds by electrical signals; cardiac muscle; direct communication

Answer 16

gap junctions

Question 17

Since this is avascular, it gets nutrients from diffusion; made of tight junctions and desosomes; the ECM in this is underneath the basement membrane; glues this and the connective tissue together

Answer 17

epithelial tissue

Question 18

what makes up the basement membrane

Answer 18

basal lamina

reticular lamina

Question 19

very thin single layer of cells with a “fried egg” appearance; rapid diffusion; lines blood vessels and the heart

Answer 19

simple squamous epithelium

Question 20

single layer of cube-shaped cells with large central nucleus; lines glands

Answer 20

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 21

single layer of rectangular-shaped cells with nuclei located in basal portion of cell; the microvilli or the cilia can be found here

Answer 21

simple columnar epithelium

Question 22

appears to be layered because nuclei are found at various heights, but only one cell-layer thick with basal plasma membranes firmly in contact with basement membrane; found in segments of respiratory tract and nasal cavity; ciliated

Answer 22

pseudostratified clumnar epithelium

Question 23

more than one layer of cells; best suited as protective barriers in locations subjected to high degrees of mechanical stress

Answer 23

stratified epithilium

Question 24

no nucleus; dead cells; tough, resistant to friction, and durable; outer layer of the skin;

Answer 24

keratonized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 25

nucleus; cells are alive; found in moist areas with friction (mouth, vagina, etc.)

Answer 25

nonkeratonized stratified squamous epithelium

Question 26

rare in humans, consists of two cell layers and lines ducts of sweat glands; common site in glands

Answer 26

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 27

rare inn hhumans; few layers; apical layer= columnal, basal= cyboidal; in ducts of glands; offers protection

Answer 27

statified columnar epithelium

Question 28

only in urinary system; can flatten which causes urinary tissues to stretch; basal cell layers are cuboidal while apical cell layers are dome-shaped when tissue is relaxed

Answer 28

transitional epithelium

Question 29

structure of epithelial origin that synthesizes and secretes a product from designated secretory cells

Answer 29

glands

Question 30

what can be classified either by their shape or by how they release products

Answer 30

glands

Question 31

lines blood vessels in the heart

Answer 31

endothelium

Question 32

makes up portion of serous membrane that line abdominal cavity and cover organs

Answer 32

mesothilium

Question 33

release products onto apical surfaces of epithelium located on external surface of body or lining a hollow organ that opens to outside of body

Answer 33

exocrine glands (that and endocrine make chemicals to communicate)

Question 34

secrete their products, usually hormones, directly into the bloodstream without the use of ducts

Answer 34

endocrine glands

Question 35

most common unicellular exocrine gland; secretes mucus

Answer 35

goblet cells

Question 36

how are Multicellular glands classified?

Answer 36

according to structure of their ducts and shape of clusters of secretory cells

Question 37

list and describe the 3 possible secretory cell configuration

Answer 37

tubular (long and straight or coiled), acinar (spherical), or tubuloacinar (with both tubular and acinar sections)

Question 38

secretory cells package products in secretory vesicles for release by exocytosis into ducts; most common; and pumps objects out

Answer 38

merocrine

Question 39

what're the 2 methods Exocrine glands use for secreting products

Answer 39

merocrine and holocrine

Question 40

used by sebaceous gland in skin to secrete sebum; within oil producing organs; manufacture products until the cell has burst; only release product when cell ruptures and dies

Answer 40

holocrine

Question 41

coumpoud asinar glands

Answer 41

mamary

Question 42

simple tubular

Answer 42

sweat

Question 43

what are the functions of connective tissues? (4)

Answer 43

connecting and binding, support, and protection, tranport

Question 44

cells that are found in the connective tissue, are incased in a ________, that is produced by a particular connective tissue cell

Answer 44

nonliving ECM

Question 45

mostly ground substance, with all three types of protein fibers, fibroblasts, and occasionally adipocytes, suspended in ground substance; binding and supporting everything in body; lots of space; matrix and fibers; ground substance

Answer 45

loose connective tissue

Question 46

three classifications of dense connective tissue?

Answer 46

- dense irregular - dense regular - dense regular elastic

Question 47

composed of retric fibers; forms part of basement membrane

Answer 47

reticular tissue

Question 48

composed of adipocytes (fat sacs); storage of energy reserve; insulation; shock absorption

Answer 48

adipose

Question 49

most abundant; glassy; surronding bones in joint; nonliving matrix

Answer 49

cartiledge

Question 50

filled with bundles of collagen fiber

Answer 50

fibrocartiledge

Question 51

found in ear and epigladis

Answer 51

elastic cartiledge

Question 52

made up of 65% calcium; osteoblasts; can get calcium out of bone to help the rest of the body; capable of remodeling

Answer 52

bone

Question 53

what cell type froms the haversian system

Answer 53

osteoblasts

Question 54

blood

Answer 54

matrix= fluid

Question 55

which 2 muscle tissues are striated?

Answer 55

Skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue are striated while smooth muscle tissue is not

Question 56

found mostly attached to skeleton where its contraction produces body movement; voluntary or conscious control; multinucleic

Answer 56

skeletal muscle tissue

Question 57

found only in the heart; striated; this tissue is involuntary; brain does not have conscious control over its contraction; cells are short and branched; uninucleic

Answer 57

cardiac muscle tissue

Question 58

Found in walls of nearly every hollow organ, blood vessels, eyes, skin, and ducts of certain glands; contractions are involuntary; with one centrally located ovoid nucleus; plasma membranes of neighboring cells are linked together by gap junctions

Answer 58

smooth muscle tissue

Question 59

makes up majority of brain, spinal cord, and nerves; composed of two main cell types and their surrounding ECM irritable- can react to stimuli in enviorment and send that respond to other cells

Answer 59

nervous tissue

Question 60

capable of sending and receiving messages

Answer 60

Neurons (and neurologlial cells of nervous tissue that surrond ECM)

Question 61

perform various functions that support neuron activities; they do not transport electrical impulses

Answer 61

Neuroglial cells