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Chapter 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main structures of the digestive tract

A

(start) oral cavity- upper digestive system
esophagus -upper digestive system
stomach -upper digestive system
(End) Small and Large intestines- Lower Digestive system

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2
Q

What are the accessory organs of the digestive tract

A

Pancreas
liver
gallblader

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3
Q

what does the digestive tract do

A

process mechanically and chemically break down the food that we consume. (degradation)

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4
Q

What are some of the layers of the lumen

A

Mucosa- inner most layer
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa-Outer most layer

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5
Q

What is the mucosa made up of

A

mucosal membrane, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosa (made up of smooth muscle)

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6
Q

What is another name for the muscularis mucosa, what does it do

A

muscularis externa- made up of smooth muscle

moves the food through the digestive system via peristalsis movement

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7
Q

What are the names for peristalsis movement

A

myenteric plexus or plexus of auerbadn

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8
Q

What is myenteric plexus

A

network of nerves involved in regulating perisaltic movement

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9
Q

what type of cells is the mucosa made up of?

A

epithelial cells

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10
Q

What are epithelial cells broken down to

A

endocrine cells and exocrine cells

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11
Q

What do exocrine cells secret

A

digestive juices

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12
Q

what are Endocrine cells involved in?

A

the making of hormones that aid in the digestive system

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13
Q

What is the submucosa made up of

A

connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissue and submucosal plexus

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14
Q

what is the submucosal plexus aka

A

plexus of Meissner

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15
Q

what does the plexus of Meissner do

A

blood flow to the digestive system.

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16
Q

what type of cells make up the serosa

A

flat mesothelial cells

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17
Q

what does the serosa do

A

creates mucus attached to perineal membrane

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18
Q

the perineal membrane surrounds

A

all organs around abdominal cavity and is highly vasculized and semi permeable

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19
Q

what does the oral cavity consist of

A

mouth and pharynx
salivary glands
Enzymes and saliva

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20
Q

what are the salivary glands on both sides of the mouth

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

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21
Q

what type of enzyme is in the saliva

A

alpha amylase

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22
Q

what does alpha amylase do

A

starts the digestion of carbohydrates

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23
Q

can alpha amylase survive in the stomach?

A

for a very short period of time before it is destroyed by the HCL acid in the stomach

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24
Q

What is the name of the enzyme of the top of the tongue

A

lingual lipase

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25
Who has a high amount of lingual lipase
newborns- it begins to decrease as we age
26
what doe ligual lipase do
helps in the digestion of triglycerides
27
What does the esophagus do
moves bolus from oral cavity to stomach swallowing peristalsis gastroesophageal sphincter (at the bottom of the esophagus
28
Selected disorders of the esophagus
GERD
29
What do the salivary glands contain
water, electrolytes, mucos, enzymes, antibacterial and antiviral proteins, r-protein, and solutes
30
Swallowing
voluntary, pharyngeal, esohageal
31
Four main regions of the stomach
Cardia Region Fundus body Antrum or distal pyloric region
32
Stomach serves as
resivour on the left side of the abdomen
33
what occurs in the antrum or distal pyloric region of the stomach
food is ground up by a mechanical process and then the emptying of the stomach occurs
34
what is rogae and its function
it is folds in the stomach that allow for stretching. you can not see them when your stomach is full
35
Stomach muscles mix food with gastric juices to form
Chyme
36
What do gastric juices facilitate
digestion
37
What are the gastric glands in the stomach
cardiac glands oxyntic glands pyloric glands
38
What are the cells in the gastric oxyntic gland
``` neck Cells (mucus) parietal cells (oxyntic) chief cells (peptic or zymogenic) enteroendocrine cells ```
39
what are the cells in the cardiac glands
neck cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells
40
what are the cells in the pyloric glands
neck cells parietal cells enteroendocrine cells
41
what do parietal cells do
secrete HCL- intrinsic factor (absorbtion of vitamin B 12
42
What do the chief cells do
secrete pepsinogin and gastric lipase- helps with digestion
43
Pepsinogin is made in the chief cells in what state
inactive state
44
what is the active form of pepsinogin
pepsin
45
Enteroendocrine cells do what
create hormones that aid in the digestive process
46
how much of the stomach is the antrum or distal pyloric region
1/3 of the stomach
47
What gastric juices are produced in the stomach
HCL enzymes mucus intrinsic factor
48
what does HCL do in the digestive process
converts pepsinogin to pesin denature protein releases nutrients from organic complexes acts as bacteriocide
49
what enzymes are used in gastric juices
pepsin, amylase, lipase
50
mucus is a gastric juice produced by what cell what is it role
neck cell | lines the stomach and protects it from HCL
51
What is intrinsic factor
helps in the absorbtion of vitamin B 12
52
what percent of protein is digested in stomach and what enzyme is used
20% | pepsin
53
Gastric Lipase starts digesting
lipid only the 3rd carbon fatty acid in a triglyceride.
54
What are the 3 phases of regulation gastric secretions
Cephalic phase gastric phase intestinals phase
55
What occurs in the cephalic phase
before the food reaches the stomach - this phase causes the activation of the vegus nerve which stimulate nerve fiber in the submucosa (plexus of meisner) causes the release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine which stimulate the G cells in stomach to release hormone gastrin which will stimulate mast cells and enterochromatin -li cells to release histamines
56
What happens in the gastric phase
once food is in the stomach- stomach distension enhances gastric secretions food such as protein, alcohol
57
Intestinal phase
after food has left the stomach | reduction in chime volume and pH trigger release of somatostatin (released into small intestine)
58
pyloric sphincter
allows for chime to pass through stomach to the small intestines volume reduces and pH increase
59
D cells make
somatostatin and slows down gastric secretion slows down HCL from parietal Cells
60
Regulation of Gastric Motility and Gastric Emptying
peristaltic waves propel digestive contents - basic electrical rhythm initiated by pacemaker cells Gastric emptying affected by factors in stomach and duodenum Dietary fat intake has an inhibitory effect on gastric emptying
61
Selcted Disorders of stomach
Peptic ulcer disease
62
what is the cause of peptic ulcer disease
ulcerations or erosions in mucosa and submucosa layers of the stomach, duodenum, or lower esophagus
63
What is a common cause of peptic ulcer
Helicobbacter pylori (bacteria that survives in high acidity
64
Other causes of peptic ulcer
chronic alcohol | use of NSAIDs
65
What is used to treat Peptic Ulcers
H2 receptor blockers
66
What produces larges amounts of gastrin to cause ulcer
Zollinger Ellison syndrome produces gastrin which stimulates HCL which then attacks mucosa and causes ulcer on the walls of the stomach
67
Neck Cells secrete small amounts of
sodium bicarbonate
68
Parietal cells produce hydrogen and chloride but they
do not create HCL until they leave the cells and move to the lumen (formed outside of the cell)
69
Carbon dioxide and water produce
carbolic acid it disassociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen and moves outside the cell
70
Chloride comes from the
plasma
71
Because of the binding parietal cells is
stimulated and secretes HCL before food ever hits the stomach
72
Acetylcholine Stimulates
Chief cells
73
Emptying of stomach is delayed by certain types of
protein or carbohydrates
74
osmotic pressure of chime is
slowed down if it is hypertonic, this can delay gastric emptying
75
Chyme triggers two cells
s- cells | I-cells
76
what hormone is secreted by the s cell
secretion
77
what hormone is secreted by the I cell
CCK
78
what do the s and I cell do
produce hormones that inhibit gastric juices and gastric emptying

macronutrients (2 decks)

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