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psychobiology > Chapter 2 - Anatomy & Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Anatomy & Evolution Flashcards

(93 cards)

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0
Q

Caudal / posterior

A

A directional term meaning toward the tail of a four legged animal

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1
Q

Rostral / Anterior

A

A directional term meaning toward the head of a four legged animal

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2
Q

Inferior / ventral

A

A directional term meaning toward the belly of a four legged animal

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3
Q

Superior / dorsal

A

A directional term meaning toward the back of a four legged animal

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4
Q

Neuraxis

A

An imaginary line that runs the length of the spinal cord to the front of the brain

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5
Q

Midline

A

An imaginary line dividing the body into two equal halves

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6
Q

Ipsilateral

A

A directional term referring to structures on the same side as the midline

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7
Q

Contralateral

A

A directional term referring to structures on opposite sides of the midline

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8
Q

Medial

A

A directional term meaning toward the midline

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9
Q

Lateral

A

A directional term meaning away from the midline

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10
Q

Proximal

A

A directional term that means closer to the centre; usually applied to limbs; opposite of distal

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11
Q

Distal

A

A directional term meaning farther away from another structure usually in reference to the limbs

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12
Q

Coronal section

A

An anatomical section dividing the brain front to back, parallel to the face also known as frontal section

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13
Q

Sagittal section (SAN-hi-tuhl)

A

An anatomical section that is parallel to the midline

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14
Q

Midsagittal section

A

A Sagittal section that divides the brain into two approximately equal halves

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15
Q

Horizontal/ axial section (AX-ee-uhl)

A

An anatomical section that divides the brain from top to bottom

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16
Q

Meninges

A

The layers of membranes that cover the central nervous system and the peripheral nerves

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17
Q

Dura mater

A

The outermost of the three layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems

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18
Q

Arachnoid layer

A

The middle layer of meninges covering the central nervous system

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19
Q

Pia mater

A

The innermost of the layers of meninges, found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems

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20
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

A space filled with cerebrospinal fluid that lies between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges in the central nervous system

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21
Q

Meningitis

A

An infection of the meninges

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22
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

The special plasmalike fluid circulating within the ventricles of the brain, the central canal of the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space

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23
Q

Ventricle

A

One of four hollow spaces within the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

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24
Choroid plexus
The lining of the ventricles, which secretes the cerebrospinal fluid
25
Central canal
The small midline channel in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid
26
Carotid artery
One of the two major blood vessels that travel up the sides of the neck to supply the brain
27
Vertebral artery
One of the important blood vessels that enter the brain from the back of the skull
28
Central Nervous System
The brain and spinal cord
29
Peripheral nervous system
The nerves exiting the brain and spinal cord that serve sensory and motor functions for the rest of the body
30
Spinal Cord
A long cylinder of nervous tissue extending from the medulla to the first lumber vertebra
31
Vertebral column
The bones of the spinal column that protect and enclose the spinal cord
32
Cervical nerve
One of the first eight spinal nerves that serve the area of the head neck and arms
33
Thoracic nerve
One of the twelve pairs of spinal nerves that serve the torso
34
Lumbar nerve
One of the five spinal nerves serving the lower back and legs
35
Sacral nerve
One of the five spinal nerves that serve the backs of the legs and genitals
36
Coccygeal nerve
The most caudal of the spinal nerves
37
White matter
An area of neural tissue primarily made up of myelinated axons
38
Gray matter
An area of neural tissue primarily made up of cell bodies
39
Dorsal horns
Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains sensory neurons
40
Ventral horns
Gray matter in the spinal cord that contains motor neurons
41
Reflex
An involuntary action or response
42
Patellar reflex
The knee jerk reflex; a spinal reflex in which tapping below the knee produces s reflexive contraction of the quadriceps muscle of the thigh causing the foot to kick
43
Withdrawal reflex
A spinal reflex that pulls a body part away from the source of pain
44
Hindbrain
The most caudal division of the brain, including the medulla, pons and cerebellum
45
Midbrain
The division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain
46
Forebrain
The division of the brain containing the diencephalon and the telencephalon
47
Brain stem
The lower two thirds of the brain, including the hindbrain and midbrain
48
Myelencephalon / medulla
The most caudal part of the hindbrain
49
Metencephalon
The division of the hindbrain containing the pons and cerebellum
50
Nuclei
Collections of cell bodies that share a function
51
Reticular formation
A collection of brainstem nuclei, located near the midline from the rostral medulla up to the midbrain, that regulate sleep and arousal
52
Pons
A structure located in the Metencephalon between the medulla and midbrain; part of the brainstem located in the hindbrain
53
Cerebellum
A structure located in the Metencephalon that participates in balance, muscle tone, muscle coordination, some types of learning, and possibly higher cognitive functions in humans
54
Cochlear nucleus
A nucleus found in the pons that received information about sound from the inner ear
55
Vestibular nucleus
A group of cell bodies in the pons that receive input about the location and movement of the head from sensory structures in the inner ear
56
Raphe nuclei
Nuclei located in the pons that participate in the regulation of sleep and arousal
57
Locus coeruleus
A structure in the pons that participates in arousal
58
Mesencephalon
Another term for midbrain, the division of the brain lying between the hindbrain and forebrain
59
Tectum
The "roof", or dorsal half of the midbrain
60
Tegmentum
The "covering" or ventral half of the midbrain
61
Cerebral aqueduct
The small channel running along the midline of the midbrain that connects the third and fourth ventricles
62
Periaqueductal gray
Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct of the midbrain that is believed to play a role in the sensation of pain
63
Red nucleus
A structure located within the reticular formation that communicates motor information between the spinal cord and cerebellum
64
Substantia nigra
Midbrain nuclei that communicate with the basal ganglia of the forebrain
65
Superior colliculi
A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that coordinate visually guided movements and visual reflexes
66
Inferior colliculi
A pair of bumps on the dorsal surface of the midbrain that process auditory information
67
Diencephalon
A division of the forebrain made up of the hypothalamus and the thalamus
68
Telencephalon
The division of the brain comprising the cerebral hemispheres
69
Cerebral hemisphere
One of the two large, globular structures that make up the telencephalon of the forebrain
70
Thalamus
A structure in the diencephalon that processes sensory information, contributes to states of arousal, and participates in learning and memory
71
Hypothalamus
A structure found in the diencephalon that participates in the regulation of hunger, thirst, sexual behavior, and aggression; part of the limbic system
72
Pituitary gland
A gland located just above the roof of the mouth that is connected to the hypothalamus and serves as a major source of hormones
73
Basal ganglia
A collection of nuclei within the cerebral hemispheres that participate in the control of movement
74
Caudate nucleus
One of the major nuclei that make up the basal ganglia
75
Putamen
One of the nuclei contained in the basal ganglia
76
Globus pallidus
One of the nuclei making up the basal ganglia
77
Subthalamic nucleus
A small nucleus, located ventral to the thalamus that is part of the basal ganglia
78
Limbic system
A collection of forebrain structures that participate in emotional behaviour and learning
79
Hippocampus
A structure deep within the cerebral hemispheres that is involved with the formation of long term declarative memories; part of the limbic system
80
Amygdala
An almond shaped structure in the rostral temporal lobes that is part of the limbic system
81
Cingulate cortex
A segment of older cortex just dorsal to the corpus callosum that is part of the limbic system
82
Septal area
An area anterior to the thalamus and hypothalamus that is often included as part of the limbic system
83
Olfactory bulb
A structure extending from the ventral surface of the brain that processes the sense of smell; part of the limbic system
84
Parahippocampal gyrus
A fold of tissue near the hippocampus that is often included in the limbic system
85
Mammillary body
One of two bumps on the ventral surface of the brain that participate in memory and are included in the limbic system
86
Fornix
A fiber pathway connecting the hippocampus and mammillary bodies that is often included in the limbic system
87
Gyrus/gyri
One of the "hills" on the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex
88
Sulcus/sulci
A "valley"in the convoluted surface of the cerebral cortex
89
Fissure
A large sulcus
90
Granule cell
A small type of cell found in layers II and IV of the cerebral cortex
91
Pyramidal cell
A large triangular cell found in layers III and V of the cerebral cortex
92
Loves
One of the four lines of the brain

psychobiology (11 decks)

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