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psychobiology > Chapter 3 - Cells Of The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Cells Of The Nervous System Flashcards

0
Q

Neuron

A

A cell of the nervous system that is specialized for information processing and communication

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1
Q

Action potential

A

The nerve impulse arising in a axon

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2
Q

Glia

A

Cells in the nervous system that support the activities of neurons

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3
Q

Organelle

A

A small structure within a cell that carries out a specific function

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4
Q

Cell body / soma

A

The main mass of a neuron, containing the nucleus and many organelles

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5
Q

Axon

A

The branch of a neuron usually responsible for carrying signals to other neurons

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6
Q

Dendrite

A

The branch of a neuron that generally receives information from other neurons

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7
Q

Intracellular fluid

A

The fluid inside a cell

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8
Q

Extracellular Fluid

A

The fluid surrounding a cell

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9
Q

Permeability

A

A property of a substance that determines the extent to which other substances pass through it

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10
Q

Ion channel

A

A protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that allows ions to pass through it without the use of additional energy

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11
Q

Ion pump

A

A protein structure embedded in a cell membrane that uses energy to move ions across the membrane

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12
Q

Ion

A

A electrically charged particle in solution

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13
Q

Voltage-dependent channel

A

An ion channel that opens or closes in response to the local electrical environment

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14
Q

Ligand-gated channel

A

An ion channel in the neural membrane that responds to chemical messengers

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15
Q

Sodium-potassium pump

A

An ion pump that uses energy to transfer three sodium ions to the Extracellular fluid for every two potassium ions retrieved from the Extracellular fluid

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16
Q

Calcium pump

A

A protein structure embedded in the neural membrane that uses energy to move the calcium ions out of the cell

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17
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

A chemical messenger that transfers information across s synapse

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18
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of filaments that provides the internal structure of a neuron

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19
Q

Microtubule

A

The largest fiber in the cell cytoskeleton, responsible for the transport of neurotransmitters and other products to and from the cell body

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20
Q

Anterograde transport

A

Movement of materials from the cell body of a neuron to the axon terminal along the Microtubules

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21
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Movement of material from the axon terminal back to the cell body via the cells system of Microtubules

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22
Q

Tau phosphorylation

A

Molecules of phosphate added to the tau protein lead to neurofibrillary tangles and structural collapse

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23
Q

Neurofilament

A

A neural fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that is responsible for structural support

24
Microfilament
The smallest fiber found in the cell cytoskeleton that may participate in the changing of length and shape of axons and dendrites
25
Nucleus
The substructure within a cell body that contains the cells DNA
26
Nucleolus
A substructure within a cell Nucleus where ribosomes are produced
27
Ribosome
An organelle in the cell body involved with protein synthesis
28
Endoplasmic reticulum
An organelle in the cell body that participates in protein synthesis
29
Golgi apparatus
An organelle in the cell body that packages proteins in vesicles
30
Mitochondria
Organelles that provide energy to the cell by transforming pyruvic acid and oxygen into molecules of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
31
Synaptic gap
The tiny fluid filled space between neurons forming a synapse
32
Dendritic spine
A knob on the dendrite that provides additional membrane area for the formation of synapses with other neurons
33
Axon hillock
The cone-shaped segment of axon located at the junction of the axon and cell body that is specialized for the generation of axon potentials
34
Myelin
The fatty insulating material covering some axons that boosts the speed and efficiency of electrical signaling
35
Local circuit neuron
A neuron that communicates with neurons in its immediate vicinity
36
Projection neuron
A neuron with a very long axon that communicates with neurons in distant areas of the nervous system
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Collateral
One of the branches near the end of the axon closest to its targets
38
Axon terminal
The swelling at the tip of an axon collateral specialized for the release of neuro transmitter substances
39
Synaptic vesicle
A small structure in the axon terminal that contains neurotransmitters
40
Node of Ranvier
The uncovered section of axon membrane between two adjacent segments of myelin
41
Unipolar neuron
A neuron with one branch that extends a short distance from the cell body then splits into two branches
42
Bipolar neuron
A axon with two branches; one axon and one dendrite
43
Multipolar neuron
A neuron that has multiple branches, usually one axon and numerous dendrites
44
Sensory neuron
A specialized neuron that translates incoming sensory information into electrical signals
45
Motor neuron
A specialized neuron that communicates with muscles and glands
46
Inter neuron
A neuron that serves as a bridge between sensory and motor neurons
47
Macro glia
Large glial cells, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann Cells
48
Microglia
Tiny, mobile glial cells that migrate to areas of damage and digest debris
49
Astrocyte
A large, star shaped glial cell of the central nervous system, responsible for structural support, isolation of the synapse, control of the Extracellular chemical environment at the synapse, and possible communication
50
Oligodendrocyte
A glial cell that forms the myelin on central nervous system axons
51
Schwann Cell
A glial cell that forms the myelin on axons in the peripheral nervous system
52
Resting potential
The measurement of the electrical charge across the neural membrane when the cell is not processing information
53
Diffusion
The force that moves molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
54
Concentration gradient
An unequal distribution in the concentration of molecules across a cell membrane
55
Electrical force
The force that moves molecules with like electrical charges apart and those with opposite electrical charges together
56
Depolarization
The movement of an electrical charge within a cell in a more positive direction
57
Threshold
The level id depolarization at which an action potential is initiated

psychobiology (11 decks)

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