Chapter 2 Endocrine

Question 1

Target organs and main effects of Follicle- stimulating hormone (FSH) secreted from anterior lobe of the Pituitary

Answer 1

Target organs:
- ovaries (females) 
- testes (males)
Main effects:
- growth of follicles (females)
- production of sperm (males)

Question 2

Target organs and main effects of luteinising hormone (LH) secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Answer 2

Target organ:
- ovaries (females)
- testes (males)
Main effects:
- ovulation and maintenance of the corpus luteum (females) 
- secretion of testosterone (males)

Question 3

Target organs and main effects of growth hormone (GH), from the anterior lobe of the Pituitary Gland.

Answer 3

Target organs:
- all cells
Main effects:
- growth and protein synthesis

Question 4

Target organs and main effects of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH), secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 4

Target organs:
- thyroid gland
Main effects:
- secretion of hormones from the thyroid

Question 5

Target organs and main effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

Answer 5

Target organ:
- adrenal cortex
Main effects:
- secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex

Question 6

Target organs and main effects of prolactin (PRL), secreted from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 6

Target organ:
- mammary glands
Main effects:
- Milk production

Question 7

Target organs and main effects of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), secreted by the posterior love of the pituitary gland

Answer 7

Target organ:
- kidneys
Main effects:
- reabsorption of water

Question 8

Target organs and main effects of oxytocin (OT), secreted from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

Answer 8

Target organs:
- uterus 
- mammary glands
Main effects:
- contractions of uterus during childbirth (uterus) 
a release of milk (mammary glands)

Question 9

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the thyroid gland.

Answer 9

Hormones produced: 
- thyroxine 
Target cells: 
- most cells
Main effects:
- increases metabolic rate and therefore oxygen consumption and heat production.

Question 10

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the parathyroid glands.

Answer 10

Hormones produced: 
- parathyroid hormone
Target cells:
- bones
- kidneys
Main effects:
- increases level of calcium in blood

Question 11

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the thymus

Answer 11

Hormones produced:
- thymosins 
Target cells: 
- T lymphocytes 
Main effects:
- stimulates development and maturation of T lymphocytes

Question 12

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the adrenal cortex

Answer 12

Hormone produced:
Corticosteroids, including;
- aldosterone
- cortisol
Target cells:
- kidney (aldosterone)
- most cells (cortisol) 
Main effects:
-increases reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions (kidney)
- promotes normal metabolism; helped the body deal with stress; promotes repair of damaged tissues (most cells)

Question 13

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the adrenal medulla

Answer 13

Hormones produced:
- Adrenaline and noradrenaline 
Target cells:
- most tissue 
Maine effects:
- prepares the body for the flight or fight responds; reinforces the effects of the sympathetic nervous system

Question 14

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the pancreas

Answer 14

Hormones produced:

• insulin- targets most cells. Effects: Stimulates uptake of glucose; lowers blood glucose levels
• glucagon- targets most cells. Effects: stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat; increases blood glucose level.

Question 15

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the testes

Answer 15

Hormones produced: 
- androgens 
Target cells:
- many tissue
Main effects:
- stimulates sperm production; growth of skeleton and muscles; male sexual characteristics

Question 16

Hormones produced, target cells and main effects of the ovaries

Answer 16

Hormones produced:

• oestrogen- targets many tissue. Effects: stimulates development of female characteristics; regulates the menstrual cycle.
• progesterone- targets the uterus and mammary glands. Effects: regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy; prepares mammary glands for milk secretion

Question 17

Label major endocrine Glands in the body (10)

Answer 17

P22
Hypothalamus 
Pituitary gland 
Thymus
Adrenal glands
Ovaries 
Pineal 
Thyroid 
Parathyroid 
Pancreas 
Testes

Question 18

What does the hypothalamus regulate?

Answer 18

Body temp
Water balance
Heart rate

Question 19

What is the structure of the pituitary gland (3)

Answer 19

• joined to hypothalamus by infundibulum
• size of a pea
• anterior and posterior lobe

Question 20

Define exocrine glands

Answer 20

Secretes into a duct that carries the secretion to the body surface or cavity.

Question 21

Define endocrine glands

Answer 21

Secretes hormones directly into adjacent tissue- ductless gland

Question 22

Define hormone (4)

Answer 22

Secretion of an endocrine gland and affects the functioning of a cell or organ; often carried in blood.
Target cells have specific receptor sites
Receptor sites can become saturated
3 types:’protein, amine, steroid

Question 23

How do protein and amine hormones enter a cell? (2)

Answer 23

• Attach to a receptor molecule on a target cell

- Secondary messenger diffuses through the cell and activates particular enzymes.

Question 24

How do steroid hormones enter a cell? (4)

Answer 24

• Enter target cell
• combine with a receptor inside the cell
• becomes a hormone- receptor complex
• H-R complex activates genes controlling the formation of particular proteins.

Question 25

What are the 3 things hormones may do?

Answer 25

- activate certain genes to produce enzymes or proteins - change the shape of enzymes to turn them on or off - change the rate of production of enzymes or proteins by changing the rate of transcription or translation