Chapter 2 grammar

Question 1

expressing obligation

Answer 1

ー なければ( いけない /ならない ) ー なくては { いけない / ならない )
ならない is for the speaker sense of obligation only
いけない is the speaker sense of obligation toward the listener

Question 2

indicate a non exhausive list

Answer 2

N1 や　N2 など

Question 3

to say it is one of

Answer 3

N は　subjectの一つ・一人
漢 字 は 日 本 語 の 勉 強 で 最 も 大 切 な の も の 一 つ で す 。

Question 4

“to X_for X” in a context where something (or someone) i’s important to X,

Answer 4

Nにとって

Question 5

use to present something/someone that is. replacing or has replaced something/someone.

Answer 5

thing being replacedの代わりに replacement
ペンの代ゎりに鉛筆を使って書いて下さい。

Question 6

for the sake of/ this is for

Answer 6

N/ non past verb +ために

Question 7

explaining reason with tameni

Answer 7

adj/ past verb+ために

Question 8

to indicate alternative

Answer 8

AかBか

Question 9

to elicit the hearer`s confirmation. casual

Answer 9

add でしょう・だろう

Question 10

i can see something (polite)

Answer 10

N が みられる

Question 11

ーa gradual change in time that allow some one to do something (or negative for the opposite effect)

Answer 11

verb, short form よ ぅ に な る
if it is potential form, it mean gain the ability to do something
if it is normal form, it mean a change of habit
日 本 人 の 友 達 が で き て か ら 、 日 本 語 が 上 手 に 話 せ る よ う に な っ た 。

Question 12

to indicate the necessity of doing something.　（not the same meaning as must)

Answer 12

V short 必 要 が る あ = it is necessary to V must V have to V
V short 必 要 は な い = it is not necessary to V; there is no need to V; dont have to V
海 外 旅 行 に 行 く 前 に パ ス ー ポ ト を 取 る 必 ようがあります

Question 13

in the case of something

Answer 13

case describtion+場合