Chapter 2: Lesson 3

Question 1

A. _____
• Being RESPONSIBLE in taking care of the BODY, LIFE, HUMAN NATURE, EARTH.
• Requires appreciation of EARTH (resources) and HUMAN NATURE (biological, psychological, social, spiritual).
• In healthcare = PRACTITIONERS’ RESPONSIBILITY to provide care and promote life.

ROLES OF NURSES/HEALTH CARE TEAM:

_____ – exercise stewardship in values-based care
_____ – health promotion, prevention, cure, rehabilitation, support
_____ – manage waste, promote sustainability
_____ – apply responsibility in MEDICAL PRACTICE

Answer 1

PSEB

PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP
- PERSONAL
- SOCIAL
- ECOLOGICAL
- BIOMEDICAL

Question 2

B. _____
To be a COMPLETE HUMAN BEING is not merely having the HIGHER LEVEL OF FUNCTIONS but to have all the BASIC HUMAN FUNCTIONS IN HARMONIOUS ORDER. HUMAN BODY FUNCTIONS contribute to higher functions not merely by supplying what is needed for PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING, they also supply part of the HUMAN EXPERIENCE that is essential to HUMAN INTELLIGENCE and FREEDOM.

The GOOD OF THE PART is essentially SUBORDINATE TO THE GOOD OF THE WHOLE. In case of danger to itself, the WHOLE CAN DISPOSE OF THE PART FOR ITS OWN BENEFIT. In a living physical organism such as the HUMAN ORGANISM, the PARTS by their very nature EXIST FOR THE SAKE OF THE WHOLE.

• The DUTY to PRESERVE INTACT the physical component of the INTEGRATED WHOLE.

• The individual has the RIGHT TO CUT OFF, MUTILATE OR REMOVE DEFECT / NON-FUNCTIONING ORGAN only if the GENERAL WELL-BEING OF THE WHOLE BODY REQUIRES.

Answer 2

PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY AND INTEGRITY

Question 3

CONDITIONS FOR PRINCIPLE OF TOTALITY
1. That the ORGAN, by its deterioration in function, may cause DAMAGE TO THE WHOLE ORGANISM or at least pose a SERIOUS THREAT to it.
2. That there is NO OTHER WAY than taking the indicated action against it or obtaining the desired good result.
3. That the DAMAGE BEING AVOIDED to the whole is PROPORTIONAL to that which is caused by the mutilation or incapacitation of the part.

Answer 3

1. The organ is harmful → If an organ is deteriorating and can damage or threaten the whole body (e.g., a cancerous kidney), then action may be taken against it.
2. No other option → If there’s no other way to save the person except to treat or remove that organ.
3. Balance of harm → The harm caused by removing or disabling the part must be less than the harm it would cause if left untreated.

Question 4

1. ETHICO-MORAL RESPONSIBILITY OF NURSES IN SURGERY

According to Blomberg et al. (2018), the nurses’ responsibility included two aspects:
i. a _____ to ensure the PATIENT SAFETY
ii. a _____ to preserve the PATIENT’S DIGNITY
• ENSURE PATIENT IS NOT EXPOSED TO RISKS – prepare and control material/equipment, collect data, confirm identity, create calm environment.
• PROTECT PATIENT’S BODY – prevent discomfort, suffering, hypothermia, pressure and nerve damage; ensure nothing remains inside patient post-surgery.
• PLAN & ORGANIZE TEAMWORK – collaborate for efficiency and minimize surgical time.
• CONFIRM PATIENT AS PERSON – see patient as human, not object; show humanity.
• BE RESPONSIVE – be present and aware of the asymmetry in the nurse-patient relationship.
• CARE FOR THE PATIENT – constant vigilance, never abandon patient.
• PRESERVE DIGNITY – maintain dignity; all nursing activities agreed on by surgical team.

Answer 4

FORMAL EXTERNAL RESPONSIBILITY (FER)

PERSONAL ETHICAL VALUE (PEV)

Question 5

2. STERILIZATION

_____: INEVITABLY required for SURVIVAL AND HEALTH of person; SEXUAL LRGANS YIELD TO GOOD OF THE WHOLE. LICIT IF:

a) Sickness is GRAVE, CERTAIN, DEFINITIVE, offsets evils of sterilization.
b) It is NECESSARY because only possible effective remedy.
c) EXCLUSIVELY CURATIVE – intention important.

_____: immediate effect is to RENDER PROCREATION IMPOSSIBLE.

• TYPES:
a) _____: done to PREVENT PASSING on HEREDITARY DEFECTS.
b) _____: done to ALLOW SEXUAL PLEASURE WITHOUT RESPONSIBILITY
c) _____: done for POPULATION CONTROL
d) _____: done to AVOID possible HEALTH RISKS

Answer 5

EHDP

Indirect (Therapeutic)

Direct
- EUGENICS
- HEDONISTIC
- DEMOGRAPHIC
- PREVENTIVE

Question 6

3. MUTILATION

Types:
1. _____ – WILLED IN ITSELF (as end/means), INTRINSICALLY WRONG, offends human dignity. Neither individual nor society has right to mutilate.

2. _____ (THERAPEUTIC) – licit act of GOOD STEWARDSHIP; necessary for SURVIVAL or to FREE FROM SUFFERING/INFIRMITIES.

Examples:
• THERAPEUTIC AMPUTATIONS (e.g., gangrenous foot) are ACCEPTED.
• STERILIZATIONS on innocent persons are AGAINST MORAL LAW.

Answer 6

DIRECT

INDIRECT

Question 7

4. _____

The RIGHT TO PHYSICAL INTEGRITY amounts essentially to a RIGHT TO BE LEFT ALONE; a right to make DECISIONS concerning one’s BODY WITHOUT UNDUE INTERFERENCE

• The RIGHT TO SECURITY in one’s body prevents unwanted disturbance (e.g., forced treatment).

• The RIGHT TO CONTROL OVER THE BODY means making choices AUTONOMOUSLY AND INDEPENDENTLY.

Answer 7

PRESERVATION OF BODILY FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY

Question 8

5. _____

A person may will to DISPOSE OF HIS BODY and destine it to USEFUL, MORALLY IRREPROACHABLE, EVEN NOBLE ENDS, such as aiding the SICK AND SUFFERING.

Answer 8

ISSUES ON ORGAN DONATION

Question 9

ISSUES ON ORGAN DONATION

CRITERIA:
1. There is a SERIOUS NEED on part of the recipient that cannot be fulfilled in another way.
2. The FUNCTIONAL INTEGRITY OF THE DONOR as a human person will not be impaired (though anatomical integrity may suffer).
3. The RISK to donor is PROPORTIONATE to the GOOD RESULTING to recipient.
4. The DONOR’S CONSENT is FREE AND INFORMED.
5. The RECIPIENTS for scarce organs are selected JUSTLY.

NOTES:
• Possible to REPLACE DISEASED ORGANS with those from another person.
• Risk of REJECTION after a year; very COSTLY.
• SOLD ORGANS ARE IMMORAL.

Answer 9

1. Serious need
2. Donor’s functional integrity
3. Proportionate risk
4. Free and informed consent
5. Justice in selection

Question 10

Principle of Ordinary and Extraordinary Means

_____ are those that are based on medication or treatment which is DIRECTLY AVAILABLE and CAN BE APPLIED without incurring severe pain, costs or other inconveniences, but which give the patient in question justified hope for a commensurate improvement in his health.

_____ are those that are based on medication or treatment which CANNOT BE APPLIED without incurring severe pain, costs or other inconveniences.

Answer 10

Ordinary measures
Extraordinary measures

👉 In short:
• Ordinary = reasonable care, morally required.
• Extraordinary = too burdensome, not morally required.

Question 11

D. _____
- It is based on the understanding of sexuality as ONE OF THE BASIC TRAITS OF THE HUMAN PERSON and must be developed in ways consistent with ENHANCING HUMAN DIGNITY.

_____ - is based on an UNDERSTANDING OF SEXUALITY as one of the basic traits of a person and must be developed in ways consistent with enhancing human dignity. This ELEMENT OF HUMAN CHARACTER leads so often to a loss of dignity and an INABILITY TO PURSUE the TRULY FULFILLING GOALS of human life.

Answer 11

Principles of Personalized Sexuality

Personalized sexuality

Question 12

Principles of Personalized Sexuality

1. Sex is a SEARCH FOR SEXUAL PLEASURE and satisfaction, releasing physical and psychic tensions.
2. Sex is a search for the COMPLETION OF THE HUMAN PERSON through an intimate personal union of love expressed by bodily union.
3. Sex is a social necessity for the procreation of children and their education in the family so as to expand the human community and guarantee its future beyond the death of individual members.
4. Sex is a symbolic (sacramental) mystery, somehow revealing the
   cosmic order.

Question 13

2 Norms of Sexual Morality

1. LAWS OR SOCIAL ATTITUDES that hinder human freedom to achieve these values in ways the individual desires are unjust and oppressive.
2. SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR, at least among consenting adults, is entirely a private matter to be determined by personal choice, free from any
   moral guilt.