Chapter 2 - Research Menthods

Question 1

Dependent variable

Answer 1

Variable that is measured by researcher

Question 2

Functional relationship

Answer 2

Relationship between changes in an IV and changes the DV

Question 3

Stimulus

Answer 3

Any event that can potentially influence behavior, sometimes thought of as a cue

Question 4

Response

Answer 4

A particular instance of a behavior

Question 5

Overt

Answer 5

Observable behavior

Question 6

Covert

Answer 6

Internal processes (think/feel)

Question 7

Types of stimuli

Answer 7

Appetitive and aversive

Question 8

Appetitive stimulus

Answer 8

Event that an organism seeks out

Question 9

Aversive stimulus

Answer 9

Event that an organism will avoid

Question 10

Establishing operations

Answer 10

A procedure that affects how appetitive or aversive a stimulus is

Question 11

Deprivation

Answer 11

Prolonged absence of an event, increases want (appetitive)

Question 12

Satiation

Answer 12

Prolonged exposure to consumption of event, des creases want (aversive)

Question 13

Contiguity

Answer 13

Closeness or nearness

Question 14

Temporal contiguity

Answer 14

Extent to which events occur close together in time

Question 15

Spatial contiguity

Answer 15

Extent to which events are situated close to each other in space

Question 16

Contingency

Answer 16

Predictive relationship between two events, such that occurrence of one event predicts the probable occurrence of the other

Question 17

Rate of response

Answer 17

Frequency with which a response occurs in a certain time period

Question 18

Intensity

Answer 18

Force or magnitude of the behavior

Question 19

Duration

Answer 19

Length of time that the behavior is performed

Question 20

Speed

Answer 20

How quickly or slowly a behavior occurs

Question 21

Latency

Answer 21

Length of time required for a behavior to begin

Question 22

Assessing reliability

Answer 22

How trustworthy that the behavior is performed

Question 23

Interobserver reliability

Answer 23

Percent indicating how much two observers who code data agree on their observations (min 80, 90 preferred)

Question 24

Descriptive research

Answer 24

No manipulation of vary ales, simply observe and describe

1. Naturalistic observation 2. Case studies

Question 25

Naturalistic observation

Answer 25

Observation and recording objectively without speaking to the observed

Question 26

Case studies

Answer 26

Intensive examination on one or few individuals with damage or rare gifts which are done in general or formal settings

Question 27

Independent variable (IV)

Answer 27

Variable that researcher manipulates

Question 28

Experimental research

Answer 28

Attempts to answer questions between functional relationships 1 control group design 2 single subject design

Question 29

Control group design

Answer 29

Random assignment with factorial manipulations that have comparative designs (btwn or within species) and can make cause and effect conclusions

Question 30

Single subject designs

Answer 30

Few subjects in two types 1 simple comparison (AB) design 2 reversal (ABAB) design

Question 31

Simple comparison (AB) design

Answer 31

Compare baseline and treatment. Baseline (A) = normal frequency of behavior before intervention. Treatment (B) = record behavior after applying punishment

Question 32

Reversal (ABAB) design

Answer 32

Similar to AB except does nutlike alternations between baseline and treatment, eliminates other influence and can conclude cause & effect

Question 33

Use of animal in research (advantages)

Answer 33

Control of genetic, learning history and environment along with investigation in areas that aren't considered ethical for humans

Question 34

Use of animals in research (disadvantages)

Answer 34

Limited applicability to humans and morally wrong & inhumane