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Psyc 4 > Chapter 10/ 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 10/ 11 Flashcards

1
Q

Matching

A

Idea that the amount of behavior directed toward an alternative is proportional to the amount of reinforcement we expect/receive from it

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2
Q

Proportion of matching

A

Proportion responses emitted = proportion reinforcers obtain

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3
Q

Operant conditioning allows individuals to

A

Choose among alternatives

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4
Q

Exceptions to matching law

A

1) undermatching 2) overmatching 3) deviations from matching: bias

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5
Q

Undermatching

A

Proportion of responses on richer schedule versus the poor schedule is less different then would be predicted by matching

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6
Q

Under matching example (VI 30 vs VI 60)

A

VI 30 sec schedule should produce twice as many proportion of responses than a VI 60 sec schedule but if there is less of a difference that it is under matching

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7
Q

Changeover delay

A

The process of switching from one choice to another that creates a delay of the reinforcement

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8
Q

Overmatching

A

Proportion of responses on the richer schedule versus support schedule is more different that would be predicted by matching

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9
Q

Overmatching example (VI 30 vs VI 60)

A

VI 30 sec schedule produces .80 and the VI 60 sec schedule produces .20 but VI 30 was predicted to be lower making a bigger difference so overmatching occured

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10
Q

Bias from matching

A

When one response alternative attracts a higher proportion of responses then would be predicted by matching

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11
Q

Bias from matching crush example

A

If I like Lizeth then I’ll spend more time talking to Her even if she doesn’t reinforce my responses

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12
Q

Skinner believed self control to be a choice between

A

Conflicting outcomes

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13
Q

Skinners two types of responses

A

Controlling and controlled response

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14
Q

Controlling response

A

The response that is in charge of altering the controlled response

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15
Q

Controlled response

A

The responses controlled by the controlling response

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16
Q

Going out to drink example

A

I don’t wish to spend a lot of money when I got to drink so I use a controlling response of leaving my money at home in order to create a controlled response which is not to spend

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17
Q

Skinners four types of controlling responses

A

1 physical restraint 2 depriving and satiating 3 doing something else 4 self reinforcement and punishment

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18
Q

Physical restraint

A

Physically manipulating the environment to prevent the problem behavior

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19
Q

Physical restraint example (TV)

A

Giving away your TV set for the rest of the semester so that you can study

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20
Q

Depriving and satiating

A

Altering the extent which a certain event can act as a reinforcer

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21
Q

Depriving and satiating examples

A

1 deprive – skipping lunch so that you can have a bigger dinner 2 satiating - going grocery shopping after eating

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22
Q

Doing something else

A

Distracting yourself by performing an alternate behavior to prevent a certain behavior

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23
Q

Self reinforcement and punishment

A

Rewarding yourself or punishing yourself after a certain problem behavior or good behavior

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24
Q

Immediate versus delayed outcomes

A

Immediate reinforcement of a smaller sooner and reward versus a delayed reinforcement of a larger later reward

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25
Q

Smaller sooner award

A

The reward due to impulsiveness and wanting immediate results even if they are smaller

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26
Q

Larger later reward

A

The reward due to self control that has the largest value and is delayed

27
Q

As delay decreases or as a reward draws nearer the reward value…

A

Increases slowly at first but then more and more sharply as a reward becomes imminent

28
Q

And early point in time before the SSR becomes imminent, its value…

A

Is less than the value of the LLR but as time passes and it becomes imminent its value increases and outweighs the LLR

29
Q

On a delay function, The LLR is flatter than….

A

The SSR and the LLR will remain higher in value

30
Q

Commitment response

A

Action carried out an early point in time that serves either to limit or greatly reduce the value of coming temptation

31
Q

Effect of a commitment strategy in on a model function…

A

It reduces the value of the SSR

32
Q

Small but cumulative effects model

A

Each individual choice on self-control is only a small accumulative affect on your likelihood of obtaining the long-term outcome

33
Q

Small but cummaltive effects model burger example

A

Choice between a burger or salad that one burger will not help you become healthier but that one salad will not by itself make you healthy

34
Q

Observational learning

A

Also known as social learning is when an observation witnesses of behavior of the model which consequently changes the observers behavior

35
Q

Observational learning occurs

A

And both classical and operant conditioning and can be conscious or unconscious

36
Q

Contagious behavior

A

Instinctive/reflexive behavior triggered by an occurrence of same behavior in another individual

37
Q

Contagious behavior example

A

Someone is running from a bear instinctively you’ll run from the bear is well and not ask questions

38
Q

Stimulus enhancement

A

Directing attention to a place or object thereby increasing the chances of approaching that behavior

39
Q

Stimulus enhancement example

A

A girl giggles and runs to candy you now become aware that there is candy and is more likely that you will go and help yourself to candy

40
Q

Vicarious emotional responses

A

Classically conditioned emotional responses that result from seeing those emotional responses by others

41
Q

Vicarious emotional response examples

A

A child walking into daycare and seesother children laughing and smiling therefore elicit similar responses

42
Q

Vicarious emotional conditioning

A

Using vicarious emotional responses to condition classically

43
Q

Jellyfish vicarious emotional conditioning example

A

1) Jellyfish NS look of fear in others US fear in oneself UR

2) Jellyfish CS fear in oneself CR

44
Q

Observational learning in operant conditioning

A

Influences development of operant responses

45
Q

Acquisition

A

Acquiring knowledge tournament in operant response

46
Q

Performance

A

Actually emit the operant response using that knowledge

47
Q

Influence of development of operant responses driving example

A

You can wear the basic knowledge from watching your parents drive for so many years but you can actually perform the actual driving

48
Q

Factors affecting acquisition

A

1 consequence of model’s behavior 2 observer receive reinforcement for attending to the model’s behavior 3 observer has sufficient stills to benefit from the model’s behavior 4 influence of the personal characteristics of the model over the observers likelihood to observe

49
Q

Consequence of models behavior

A

If model behavior is reinforced observer is more likely to perform that behavior

50
Q

Observer receives reinforcement for the behavior of attending to the model

A

Model reinforces the observer such as in teaching saying look what I’m doing here or good job

51
Q

Observer has sufficient skills to benefit from modeling

A

Starting low in skill and then slowly increasing rather than expecting a lot first which causes discouragement

52
Q

Personal characteristics of model and strongly influence the extent to which we will attend their behavior

A

More likely to give attention to models who either resemble us or we respect or admire

53
Q

Factors affecting performance

A

1 model was reinforced or punished for behavior 2 observer was reinforced or punished when he emitted the operant behavior 3 observers personal history of differential reinforcement for operant conditioning various circumstances

54
Q

Model was reinforced or punished for his behavior

A

Known as vicarious reinforcement or punishment is the likelihood to repeat the observed behavior of the model due to reinforcement or punishment

55
Q

Observer was reinforcer punishment he emitted the operant behavior

A

Mimicking the models behavior and receiving reinforce will affect your likelihood to do it again

56
Q

Personal history of reinforcement or punishment for performing model behaviors

A

Reinforcing up in different circumstances for instants drinking and swearing when your friends are probably reinforce while punished while with your parents

57
Q

True Imitation

A

Formal observational learning that involves the closest duplication the novel behavior

58
Q

Generalized imitation

A

Tendency to imitate a new model behavior with no specific reinforcement for doing so

59
Q

Rule

A

Verbal description contingency or a statement telling us that in a certain setting if we perform a certain behavior, a certain consequence will follow

60
Q

Rule governed behavior

A

Behavior generated through exposure to rules

61
Q

Disadvantages to rule govern behavior

A
  1. Let efficient in natural contingencies 2. Insensitive to actual contingencies of reinforcement sometimes giving modifications that are required and people still follow the rules
62
Q

Personal rules and self-regulation

A

Self instruction and say do correspondence

63
Q

Self instruction

A

Descriptions of a contingency we verbalize to ourselves to influence our behavior a.k.a. personal rules

64
Q

Say/do correspondence

A

What we say matches what we do more likely with the use of personal process rolls

Psyc 4 (12 decks)

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