Chapter 2 Vocabulary

Question 0

Material culture

Answer 0

Physical objects that people create

Ex. Clothes, food

Question 1

Culture

Answer 1

All the shared products of human groups

• physical objects
• beliefs
• values
• behaviors

Question 2

Nonmaterial culture

Answer 2

Abstract human creations

Ex. Love, feelings, and emotions

Question 3

Society

Answer 3

Group of interdependent people who have organized in such a way as to share a common culture and feeling of unity

Question 4

Technology

Answer 4

Combination of objects and rules for using those objects

Question 5

Symbols

Answer 5

Anything that represents something else (has shared meaning)
*can be almost anything as long as people recognize the meaning

Question 6

Language

Answer 6

Organization of written or spoken symbols into a standardized system

Question 7

Values

Answer 7

Shared beliefs about what is good or bad, right or wrong, desirable or undesirable
*help determine the character of people and the kind of culture they create
Ex. Yanomamö tribe and San tribe

Question 8

Yanomamö tribe

Answer 8

• farmers along Brazil and Venezuela border
• warfare and feats of male strength important
• rarely had more than 200 people in tribe (normal was 500-1000)
• conflicts caused separation and creation of new colonies
• warfare between new settlements

Question 9

San tribe

Answer 9

• Southern Africa
• life based on cooperation
• do not trespass on land of others
• all members search for food
• share food among all members
• break into smaller units when food is short; come together when food is plentiful

Question 10

Norms

Answer 10

Shared rules of conduct that tell people how to act in specific situations

Question 11

Types of norms

Answer 11

Folkways, mores, and laws

Question 12

Folkways

Answer 12

Norms that describe socially acceptable behavior but do not have great moral significance attached to them

Question 13

Things to know about folkways

Answer 13

• Failure to abide=reprimand or minor punishment
• some nonconformity allowed because it doesn’t endanger stability
• examples: responding hi, please, and thank you, opening doors for others, eating at the table, not eating with your fingers, table manners, etc.

Question 14

Mores

Answer 14

Rules that have great moral significance attached to them

Question 15

Things to know about mores

Answer 15

• violation of rules endangers society’s well-being and stability
• examples: appropriate attire, don’t make out in public, not flip someone off, don’t swear in public, fraudulent claims, etc.

Question 16

Laws

Answer 16

-written rules of conduct enacted and enforced by government

Question 17

Examples of laws

Answer 17

Murder, arson, rape, damage to property, theft, etc.

Question 18

What do we all have in common

Answer 18

All cultures meet needs in different ways;limited only by ..
-biological makeup
-physical environment
Cultural universals

Question 19

Cultural universals

Answer 19

Features common to all cultures that ensure their fulfillment

Question 20

George Murdock

Answer 20

Identified over 65 cultural universals; 7 categories

Question 21

George Murdock seven categories

Answer 21

a. Arts and leisure
b. Basic needs
c. Beliefs
d. Communication and education
e. Family
f. Economy
g. Technology

Question 22

Subculture

Answer 22

Group that shares values, norms and behaviors not shared by larger society

Question 23

Things to know about subculture

Answer 23

a. deviant, age, gender, ethnic, religious, political, geographical, social-class, occupational, etc.
b. society is dependent on subcultures:
1) add diversity
2) make society open to change
* Examples: homos, Hispanic cultures

Question 24

Counterculture

Answer 24

Subgroup that challenges values of society and wants to replace them with new ones *examples: Kkk, Isis, al queda

Question 25

Ethnocentrism

Answer 25

Tendency to view ones own culture and group as superior

Question 26

Things to know about ethnocentrism

Answer 26

* functionalist perspective * conflict perspective - encourages discrimination - too extreme=culture can stagnate

Question 27

Functionalist perspective

Answer 27

Helps to build group unity

Question 28

Conflict perspective

Answer 28

Results in one group or society seeing others as inferior

Question 29

Cultural relativism

Answer 29

Belief that cultures should be judged by their own standards

Question 30

Cultural diffusion

Answer 30

Spreading of cultural traits from one society to another | *examples: McDonald's, cars, clothing, music, sports, religion, entertainment

Question 31

Cultural lag

Answer 31

Time between changes when ideas and beliefs are adapting to new material conditions *Examples: phones, Internet, gay rights, slavery, women's rights

Question 32

Discovery

Answer 32

Recognize new uses for existing elements | *Examples: cell phones, computers, prescription drugs, texting/sexting

Question 33

Invention

Answer 33

Create something that did not previously exist | *Examples: electricity, automobiles, tv, robots, phone, wheel

Question 34

Cultural leveling

Answer 34

Process in which cultures become more and more alike | *Examples: language, clothes, food

Question 35

Personal achievement

Answer 35

Doing well at school and at work is important. Gaining wealth and prestige is a sign of success

Question 36

Progress and material comfort

Answer 36

History is marked by ongoing progress and this progress improves people's lives

Question 37

Work

Answer 37

Discipline, dedication and hard work are signs of virtue

Question 38

Individualism

Answer 38

Hard work, initiative and individual effort are the keys to personal achievement

Question 39

Efficiency and practicality

Answer 39

Can help solve every problem. Getting things done well in the shortest time is very important

Question 40

Morality and humanitarianism

Answer 40

Judgements should be based on a sense of right and wrong. Can also include helping those less fortunate

Question 41

Equality and democracy

Answer 41

Everyone should have an equal chance at success and the right to participate freely in government

Question 42

Freedom

Answer 42

Personal freedoms, such as freedom of religion, speech and the press, are central to the American way of life

Question 43

Other core values

Answer 43

a. Nationalism and patriotism b. Science and rationality c. Racial and group superiority d. Education e. Religion

Question 44

Self-fulfillment

Answer 44

Commitment to the full development of one's personality, talents and potential

Question 45

Narcissism

Answer 45

Extreme self-centeredness

Question 46

Things to know about narcissism

Answer 46

a. Weakened the established values of hard work and moderation b. Threatened the stability of the capitalist system

Question 47

What are all traditional American values

Answer 47

Personal achievement, progress and material comfort, work, individualism, efficiency and practicality, morality and humanitarianism, equality and democracy, freedom, and other core values