Chapter 7

Question 0

Social control

Answer 0

Enforcing norms through internal or external means

Question 1

Internalization of norms

Answer 1

Process by which a norm becomes a part of an individual’s personality; individual conforms to society’s expectations

Question 2

Things about social control

Answer 2

1) principle means is self-controlled
2) authority figures, police, courts, family, public opinion, etc.
3) social stability is jeopardized by behavior that violates public norms

Question 3

Sanctions

Answer 3

Rewards or punishments used to enforce conformity to norms

Question 4

Types of sanctions

Answer 4

Positive sanctions, negative sanctions, formal sanction, and informal sanction

Question 5

Positive sanctions

Answer 5

An action that rewards a particular kind of behavior

a. praise
b. good grades
c. pay raises
d. cheers from a crowd

Question 6

Negative sanctions

Answer 6

Punishment or threat of punishment used to enforce conformity

a. most of the time a threat of punishment is enough
b. examples: parking ticket, frown, imprisonment, death, etc.

Question 7

Formal sanctions

Answer 7

Reward or punishment given by a formal organization or regulatory agency

Question 8

Negative formal examples

Answer 8

Low grades, suspension, fines, fired from job, etc.

Question 9

Positive formal examples

Answer 9

Diploma, promotions, awards, etc.

Question 10

Informal sanctions

Answer 10

Spontaneous expression of approval or disapproval given by an individual or group

Question 11

Negative informal examples

Answer 11

Frowns, gossips, insults, ridicule, etc.

Question 12

Positive informal examples

Answer 12

Standing ovation, compliments, smiles, etc.

Question 13

Deviance

Answer 13

Any behavior that violates significant social norms

• examples: drag racing on public street, using illegal drugs, taking to oneself in public, using weapons to attack someone, etc.
• violating norms
• label of deviance

Question 14

Violating norms (deviance)

Answer 14

a. Varies from society to society
b. Labeling someone as deviant
1) repeating an offense
2) act has serious negative consequences for society

Question 15

Label of deviance

Answer 15

a. Involves two components:
1) be detected committing a deviant act
2) must be stigmatized by society
- stigma

Question 16

Stigma

Answer 16

Mark of social disgrace that sets them apart from the rest of society

Question 17

Emile Durkheim

Answer 17

Deviance helps clarify norms, unify the group, diffuse tension and promote social change

Question 18

Social functions of deviance

Answer 18

1) Emile Durkheim
2) provides jobs in various fields (lawyers, law enforcement, judges, etc.)
3) defines boundaries of acceptable behavior
4) punishment of violators serves as warning to others
5) draws line between conforming members of society and “outsiders”
6) minor deviance allows people to “vent”
7) prompts social change by identifying problem areas

Question 19

Strain theory (Robert k Merton)

Answer 19

Views deviance as the natural outgrowth of the values, norms, and structure of society

Question 20

Facts about string theory

Answer 20

1) society places a high value on certain goals (Econ, success)
2) people don’t have equal access to achieve goal
3) anomie

Question 21

Anomie

Answer 21

Situation that arises when the norms of society are unclear or are no longer applicable

Question 22

5 modes of adaptation to achieve societal goals

Answer 22

Conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreating and rebellion

Question 23

Conformity

Answer 23

Accept society’s goals and means to achieve them

Question 24

Innovation

Answer 24

Accept goals of society but do not accept the means for reaching these goals -examples: drug dealers

Question 25

Ritualism

Answer 25

Abandon societal goals while continuing to observe the expected rules of behavior -example: pass up promotion to avoid failure

Question 26

Retreatism

Answer 26

Reject cultural goals and the acceptable means of attaining them (May drop out of society)

Question 27

Rebellion

Answer 27

Want to substitute new goals and means for the approved set | (May use violent or nonviolent methods)

Question 28

Functionalist perspective

Answer 28

a. Strain theory (Robert k Merton) | b. 5 modes of adaptation to achieve societal goals

Question 29

Conflict perspective

Answer 29

a. Competition and social inequality lead to deviance 1) people with power commit deviant acts to keep power 2) people without power commit deviant acts to get power b. Richard quinney

Question 30

Richard quinney (conflict perspective)

Answer 30

Ruling class declares anything that threatens their power as deviant

Question 31

Interactionist perspective

Answer 31

a. Control theory b. Cultural transmission theory c. Labeling theory

Question 32

Control theory

Answer 32

Deviance is a natural occurrence; look at why people conform

Question 33

Things about control theory

Answer 33

1) social ties among individuals 2) individuals integrated into community will conform 3) Travis hirschi

Question 34

Travis hirschi

Answer 34

- people develop bonds in four ways a) form attachment with others who accept norms b) strong belief in society's moral codes c) show commitment to traditional societal values/goals d) involved in nondeviant activities (time consuming)

Question 35

Cultural transmission theory

Answer 35

Behavior is learned through interaction with others

Question 36

Things about cultural transmission theory

Answer 36

- differential association | - all people are conformists

Question 37

Differential association

Answer 37

Frequency and closeness of associations a person has with deviant and nondeviant individuals

Question 38

Labeling theory

Answer 38

Focuses on how individuals were identified as deviant

Question 39

Things about labeling theory

Answer 39

1) primary deviance | 2) secondary deviance

Question 40

Primary deviance

Answer 40

Occasional violation of norms

Question 41

Secondary deviance

Answer 41

Deviance is a lifestyle; labeled as deviant and believes the label

Question 42

Crime

Answer 42

Any act that is labeled as such by those in authority and is prohibited by law

Question 43

Violent crime

Answer 43

- murder, forcible rape, robbery and aggravated assault - occurs every 22 seconds in us - most victims are African American; for murder it is african American men 18-24 - majority of murders committed by guns

Question 44

Property crime

Answer 44

- involves stealing or intentionally damaging someone else's property - burglary, larceny (theft other than auto), motor vehicle theft and arson - committed every 3 seconds in US - people under 25 yrs old commit a large part of the crimes - drug use/habits have strong correlation with crime rates

Question 45

Victimless crime

Answer 45

- prostitution, illegal gambling, illegal drug use and vagrancy - supposedly harm no one other than themselves

Question 46

White-collar crime

Answer 46

- offenses committed by people of high social status in the course of their profession - misrepresentation, fraud, tax evasion, embezzlement, price-fixing, toxic pollution, insider trading and political corruption - costs the U.S. more than $300 billion - not always dealt with "equally"

Question 47

Organized crime

Answer 47

- crime syndicate | - many have legitimate businesses that they use as a "front"

Question 48

Crime syndicate

Answer 48

Large-scale organization of professional criminals that controls some vice or legitimate business through violence or the threat of violence

Question 49

Police (hold the most immediate control)

Answer 49

- police discretion - factors to consider: - seriousness of the offense - wishes of the victim taken into consideration - suspect's attitude - make arrest if bystanders are present - more likely to arrest and use force against african Americans (racial profiling)

Question 50

Police discretion

Answer 50

Power to decide who is actually arrested

Question 51

Courts

Answer 51

- role: - holds a trial to determine guilt - penalty phase - plea bargaining

Question 52

Plea bargaining

Answer 52

Legal negotiation that allows accused to plead guilty to a lesser charge

Question 53

Corrections

Answer 53

- corrections - four basic functions: - retribution - deterrence - rehabilitation - social protection - recidivism

Question 54

Corrections

Answer 54

sanctions used to punish criminals

Question 55

Retribution

Answer 55

Socially acceptable act of revenge for victim and society

Question 56

Deterrence

Answer 56

Discourage offenders from committing future crimes

Question 57

Rehabilitation

Answer 57

Reform criminals so they could be law-abiding citizens

Question 58

Social protection

Answer 58

Limiting freedom of offenders protects society

Question 59

Recidivism

Answer 59

Repeated criminal behavior (remains high)

Question 60

Juvenile justice system

Answer 60

- laws became more specific for juvenile offenders in the 1960s - juveniles could not be expected to be as responsible as adults - juveniles needed special, more considerate attention

Question 61

Organized crime

Answer 61

- crime syndicate | - many have legitimate businesses that they use as a "front"