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Sociology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(46 cards)

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0
Q

Heredity

A

Transmission of genetic characteristics from parents to children

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1
Q

Personality

A

Behaviors, attitudes, beliefs and values that characterize an individual

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2
Q

Nature argument

A

Instinct

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3
Q

Instinct

A

Unchanging, biologically inherited behavior pattern

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4
Q

Nurture argument

A

Behavior is a result of social environment and learning

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5
Q

Sociobiology

A

Systematic study of biological basis of all social behavior (nature based)

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6
Q

Factors in personality development

A
  • heredity

- birth order

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7
Q

Heredity

A
  • aptitude
    • environmental factors: parent responses encourage/discourage development of aptitude
    • parental reinforcement may effect traits such as shyness, sociability and aggression
  • provides you with biological needs but culture determines how you meet those needs
  • setting limits on individuals
    • inherited characteristics limit what is possible
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8
Q

Aptitude

A

Capacity to learn a particular skill or acquire a specific body of knowledge

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9
Q

Birth order

A
  • Siblings vs. only child

- firstborn: achievement oriented, responsible, conservative in thinking and defenders of the status quo

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10
Q

Later-born

A

More affectionate, more friendly, risk-takers and social and intellectual rebels

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11
Q

Common characteristics for only/firstborn children

A

Confident, perfectionist, organized, scholarly, conservative
-examples:Franklin d. Roosevelt, bill Clinton, j. K. Rowling, tiger woods

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12
Q

Common characteristics of middle children

A

Flexible, diplomatic, independent, balanced, generous

-example: John f. Kennedy, bill gates, Donald trump, princess Diana

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13
Q

Common characteristics of last-born children

A

Willing to take risks, outgoing, creative, rebellious, persistent
-examples: Ronald Raegan, Jim Carrey, Cameron Diaz, Stephen Colbert

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14
Q

Birth order

A

Common characteristics of only/firstborn children, common characteristics of middle children, then common characteristics of last-born children

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15
Q

Parental characteristics

A
  • age of parents when children are born
  • level of education
  • religious orientation
  • economic status
  • cultural heritage
  • occupational background
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16
Q

The culture environment

A
  • each culture gives rise to certain personality types (model personalities)
    • U.S.=competitiveness, assertiveness and individualism
  • gender differences in our cultures
  • subcultural differences
  • region of country or type of neighborhood
  • influence of social environment
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17
Q

Example of the IK in Northern Uganda

A 
Prior to WWII
 -hunters/gatherers 
 -one large family 
After WWII
 -insufficient food supplies
 -children thrown out at 3 years 
 -form age bands 
 -parents do not help children 
 -adult children do not help parents 
 -need to be strong and clever
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18
Q

Anna

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A
  • born to an unmarried mom
  • grandfather kept her in an attic room
  • given minimal care
    • undernourished and emaciated
  • no human contact
  • at 6 years old- could not talk, walk, or feed herself
  • learned to walk, feed herself, brush her teeth and talk in simple phrases
  • died at 10 years old
19
Q

Isabelle

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A
  • found at same age as anna (6)
  • kept in dark room with deaf mom
  • did not learn to speak
  • found at 6 years old- acted like an infant
  • began to speak after training
  • after two years…reached level of her peers
20
Q

Genie

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A
  • discovered in 1970- 13 years old
  • confined from age of 20 months to small bedroom
  • beaten if she made noise
  • father interacted by acting like angry dog
  • did not learn to talk
  • had skills of 1 year old when found and could not stand straight
  • 8 years of training- did not progress past 3rd grade student
21
Q

Institutionalization

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A
  • 1945 study by Rene Spitz (children living in an orphanage)
    • given food and medical care
    • given little human contact
    • 1/3 of children died within 2 years
    • survivors: less than 25% could walk or dress by themselves or use a spoon
    • 1 could speak in complete sentences
22
Q

Socialization

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A

Interactive process through which people learn the basic skills, values, beliefs and behavior patterns of a society

23
Q

Self

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A

Conscious awareness of possessing identity that separates you and your environment from other members of society

24
John Locke
the tabula rasa - each child is born a "clean slate" - we are all born without a personality - acquire personality as a result of social experience - could be molded into a particular personality
25
Charles Cooley
- the looking-glass self - three step process - child in influenced by primary group
26
The looking-glass self (def)
- an interactive process by which we develop an image of ourselves based on how we imagine we appear to others - interactionist perspective
27
Three step process (the looking-glass self)
- we imagine how we appear to others - we attempt to determine whether others view us as we view ourselves through their reactions - develop feelings about ourselves based on our perceptions
28
George Meade
- role taking - three step process - parts of self
29
Role taking
Take on, or pretend to take on, the role of others - first: we internalize the expectations of people closest to us (significant others) - second: expectations/attitudes of society guide us more * generalized others
30
Generalized others
Attitudes, expectations and viewpoints of society
31
Three step process (role taking)
- imitation (under 3)-don't have a sense of self; mimic actions - play (ages 3-6)-play and act out roles of specific people; trying to see world through someone else's eyes - organized games (over 6 or 7)-require children to take roles; anticipate the actions and expectations of others
32
Parts of self
- "I"-unsocialized, spontaneous and self-interested component of personality - "Me"-aware of expectations and attitudes of society * socialized self
33
Erving Goffman
- dramaturgy - impression management - because we are worried about impressing others, we change our self that we display - albas and albas study
34
Dramaturgy
Social interaction is like a drama being performed on a stage
35
Impression management
An effort people make to play their roles and manage the impressions that the audience receives -because we are worried about impressing others, we change our self that we display
36
Albas and albas study
-college students reactions to exam scores were different depending on who they were with
37
Agents of socialization
Specific individuals, groups and institutions that enable socialization to take place - family - peer group - school - mass media
38
Family
- most important agent - socialization can be deliberate or unintended * unintended may have a greater impact - may be different from family to family * single parents, family relationships, subgroups they belong to, etc.
39
Peer group
- primary group composed of individuals of roughly equal age and similar social characteristics - influence during pre-teen and early teen years - focus is the subculture of the group
40
School
- class activities= basic knowledge - extracurriculars= prepare for life in society - transmits cultural values - teachers become role models
41
Mass media
- instruments of communication that reach large audiences with no personal contact - television has the largest influence * negatives 1) effect of violence-leads to more aggressive behavior 2) presents image of society limited to white middle-class * positives 1) educational tool 2) expands the viewers world
42
Resocialization
Break with past experiences and the learning of new values and norms - voluntary resocialization - involuntary resocialization
43
Voluntary resocialization
People who assume a new status
44
Involuntary resocialization
- total institution | - try to change a person's personality and behavior (remove a person identity)
45
Total institution
Setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society for a time and are subject to tight control

Sociology (8 decks)

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