Chapter 22 Flashcards
(20 cards)
Why is speciation a conceptual “bridge” between microevolution and macroevolution?
A. Speciation can be directly observed, whereas microevolution and macroevolution cannot.
B. Speciation links population-level phenomena to patterns of evolution above the species level.
C. Speciation leads to the tremendous diversity of life.
D. Speciation is necessary for evolution to occur.
B. Speciation links population-level phenomena to patterns of evolution above the species level.
Which aspect of population genetics is fundamental to the biological species concept?
A. mutation
B. selection
C. gene flow
D. genetic drift
E. random mating
C. gene flow
The biological species concept cannot readily apply to what types of species?
A. fossil species
B. asexual species
C. hybrid species
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The dogtooth cichlid Cynotilapia afra, introduced in Lake Malawi in the 1960s,
has split into two genetically distinct populations, located at the north and south ends of West Thumbi Island. How can scientists determine whether these
populations are now different species, according to the biological species
concept?
A. See whether the two populations are morphologically different from each
other: coloring, bone structure, and so on.
B. Determine whether captured individuals from the two different populations will mate and produce offspring in a laboratory fish tank.
C. Determine whether individuals from one population will interbreed with
individuals from the other population when introduced into each other’s native habitats.
C. Determine whether individuals from one population will interbreed with
individuals from the other population when introduced into each other’s native habitats.
Sea urchins are broadcast spawners: They release their gametes into the water without courtship. Which of these
mechanisms could be keeping different sea urchin species that inhabit the same location reproductively isolated?
A. behavioral isolation or mechanical isolation
B. mechanical isolation or habitat isolationC. gametic isolation or temporal isolation
D. habitat isolation or temporal isolation
E. gametic isolation or behavioral isolation
C. gametic isolation or temporal isolation
You spot a sea snake while you are in a boat on the ocean and note how similar it looks to a land snake that lives in central
Illinois. However, you know they are most likely separate species due to which of the following reproductive barriers?
A. behavioral isolation
B. gametic isolation
C. ecological/habitat isolation
D. temporal isolation
C. ecological/habitat isolation
The century cactus flowers every 100 years. A similar and nearby cactus flowers every 50 years. If the 50-year-cactus
pollen has the correct characteristics to fertilize the century cactus, which reproductive barrier will most likely be working against that possibility?
A. behavioral isolation
B. gametic isolation
C. ecological/habitat isolation
D. temporal isolation
D. temporal isolation
Several species of amphibians are able to read and understand one another’s mating rituals, tend to be fertile at the same time, and are usually similar in size. However, when they attempt to mate, they never produce offspring. Which of the following barriers is most likely the cause of this?
A. behavioral isolation
B. gametic isolation
C. reduced hybrid fertility
D. hybrid breakdown
B. gametic isolation
Enallagma ebrium and E. hageni are sister species of damselflies that occupy the same habitats. Males of each species will readily attempt to mate with females of either species. However, incompatibility in secondary genital structures prevents interspecies
hybridization. This is an example of what type of reproductive barrier?
A. temporal isolation
B. behavioral isolation
C. mechanical isolation
D. gametic isolation
C. mechanical isolation
When differentiating between two species of fish, you notice that one species stay near the surface and feed on floating algae, while the other species are bottom feeders. This is using the ________.
A. morphological species concept
B. ecological species concept
C. phylogenetic species concept
D. biological species concept
B. ecological species concept
Cichlids in Lake Victoria are thought to have diversified from a relatively few species to 600 species in about 12,000 years (the last time the lake dried up). What is the best way to test this hypothesis?
A. Examine the fossil record in lake sediments.
B. Look for mating characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from the species present in other lakes.
C. Look for genetic characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from species present in other lakes.
D. This is not a testable hypothesis.
C. Look for genetic characteristics shared among Lake Victoria species that are distinct from species present in other lakes.
The most common means of identifying bacterial species is to use DNA sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Which species concept is implicit in this approach?
A. biological species concept
B. morphological species concept
C. ecological species concept
D. phylogenetic species concept
D. phylogenetic species concept
In a long-term evolution experiment using Escherichia coli, Richard Lenski and colleagues discovered a new strain that can use citrate as an energy source, whereas wild-type E. coli cannot. Some have claimed that this strain could be considered a new species. Such a claim would be based on what species concept?
A. biological species concept
B. morphological species concept
C. ecological species concept
D. phylogenetic species concept
C. ecological species concept
The fact that St. Bernards and Chihuahuas are considered to be
the same species highlights a particular limitation of which species concept?
A. biological species concept
B. morphological species concept
C. ecological species concept
D. phylogenetic species concept
B. morphological species concept
Ligers are the offspring of male lions and female tigers. Most ligers die in utero or shortly after birth. Those that do survive are often sterile. Occasionally, ligers can produce live offspring, but those offspring are of poor health. How would you describe these facts in terms of
reproductive barriers?
A. gametic isolation
B. reduced hybrid viability
C. reduced hybrid fertility
D. hybrid breakdown
E. B, C, or D
E. B, C, or D
Which of the following phenomena could facilitate allopatric speciation?
A. founder effect
B. gene flow
C. random mating
D. hybrid zone
A. founder effect
If two populations of a species are geographically isolated, what might act on the isolated populations to cause their gene pools to diverge?
A. mutation
B. selection
C. genetic drift
D. all of the above
D. all of the above
The fossil record shows that species remain constant for long periods of time, but then speciation episodes occur rapidly. This is indicative of _________.
A. gradualism
B. punctuated equilibrium
C. allopatric speciation
D. sympatric speciation
B. punctuated equilibrium
What distinguishes allopolyploidy from autopolyploidy?
A. Allopolyploidy can lead to sympatric speciation; autopolyploidy cannot.
B. Autopolyploidy can lead to sympatric speciation; allopolyploidy cannot.
C. Allopolyploidy involves two or more parent species; autopolyploidy involves only one.
D. Allopolyploidy pertains to plants; autopolyploidy pertains to animals.
C. Allopolyploidy involves two or more parent species; autopolyploidy involves only one.
The marsh grass Spartina anglica is an allotetraploid species that originated in southern England around 1870. Its “parent” species are the European Spartina maritima, with a 2n = 60 karyotype, and the American Spartina alterniflora, with a 2n = 62 karyotype.
How many chromosomes should Spartina anglica have?
A. either 30 or 31
B. 61
C. 122
D. 244
C. 122
