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Biology > Chapter 22 and 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 22 and 23 Flashcards

1
Q

Fossil

A

any trace of an organism that lived in the past

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2
Q

extant species

A

species living today

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3
Q

phylogenetic tree

A

branching diagram that depicts the ancestor

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4
Q

homology

A

similarity that exists in species due to common ancestry

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5
Q

Evolution

A

Theory all organism are related by common ancestry and change over time due to natural selection

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6
Q

Population thinking

A

Way of thinking that emphasizing the importance of variation among individuals in a population

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7
Q

Decent with modification

A

Describes how species that lived in the past are the ancestors of species existing today

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8
Q

Sedimentary rocks

A

Form from sand or mud or other materials deposited in layers at locations such as beaches or river mouths

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9
Q

Geologic time scale

A

Sequence of eons, eras, and periods used to describe the geologic history of the earth.

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10
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Steady rate at which unstable “parent” atoms are converted into more stable “daughter” atoms

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11
Q

Genetic homology

A

Similarity in DNA, RNA or amino acid sequences due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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12
Q

Developmental homology

A

Similarity in embrynoic form of developmental processes due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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13
Q

Structural homology

A

Similarity in adult organismal structures due to inheritance from a common ancestor

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14
Q

Speciation

A

Process that results in new species being formed from prexisting species

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15
Q

artificial selection

A

Deliberate manipulation by humans as in animal and plant breeding, of the genetic composition of a population by only allowing individuals with desirable traits to reproduce.

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16
Q

Darwin’s Four Postulates

A
  1. Variation exists among individual organisms that make up a population
  2. Some of the trait differences are heritable
  3. Survival and reproductive success are highly variable
  4. The subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not a random sample of the population
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17
Q

Variation exists among individual organisms that make up a population

A

Shape and size differs

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18
Q

Survival and reproductive success are highly variable

A

Many more offspring are produced than can possibly survive. Thus only some individuals in each generation survive long enough to produce offspring

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19
Q

Subset of individuals that survive best and produce the most offspring is not a random sample of the population

A

Individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce

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20
Q

Natural selection

A

Occurs when individuals with certain heritable traits produce more surviving offspring than do individuals without those traits

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21
Q

Two part statement of natural selection

A

Evolution by natural selection occurs when heritable variation leads to differential reproductive success

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22
Q

Evolutionary fitness

A

ability of an individual to produce surviving, fertile offspring relative to that ability in other individuals in the population

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23
Q

adaptation

A

Heritable trait that increases the fitness of an individual in a particular environment relative to individuals lacking the trait

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24
Q

turberculosis

A

disease of the lungs caused by infection with the Mycobacterium bacterium tuberculosis

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25
Acclimatization
Change in an individual's phenotype that occurs in response to a change in natural environmental conditions
26
Acclimation
Change in the study's organism's phenotype that occurs in response to laboratory conditions
27
Population genetics
study of processes that change the allele and genotype frequencies in populations
28
Genetic drift
Causes allele frequences in small populations to change randomly. May cause alleles that decrease fitness to increase in frequency
29
Natural selection
increases the frequency of certain alleles-ones that contribute to reproductive success in a particular environment
30
Gene flow
Occurs when individuals leave one population, join another, and breed. Allele frequences may change when gene flow occurs, because arriving individuals introduce alleles to their new population and departing individuals remove alleles from their old population.
31
Mutation
Modifies allele frequencies by continually introducing new alleles. The alleles created by mutation may be beneficial, detrimental or neutral in their effects on fitness. Increases genetic diversity, but usually insignificant in short term
32
gene pool
All of the alleles of all the genes in a certain population
33
What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle predict
predicts what genotype and allele frequencies will occur in the next generation.
34
Hardy Weinberg principle
the genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next in the absence of disturbing factors.
35
Five assumptions ns that Hardy-Weinberg principle is based on
Random mating No natural selection No genetic drift No gene flow No mutation
36
Processes of evolution
natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, and mutation
37
Inbreeding
Mating between closely related individuals. Increases homozygosity of a population and often leads to a decline in the average fitness via selection
38
Ecological selection
A type of natural selection that favors individuals with heritable trait that enhances their ability to survive and reproduce in a certain physical or biological environment
39
Genetic variation
the difference in DNA sequences between individuals within a population
40
Four main modes that natural selection occurs
Directional selection Stabilizing selection Disruptive selection Balancing selection
41
Directional selection
Reduces genetic diversity and changes the average value of a trait Individuals of one extreme are favored
42
Stabilizing selection
Individuals with intermediate phenotype favored Reduces genetic diversity, but does not change mean value of a trait
43
Disruptive selection
Both extreme phenotypes favored Increases genetic diversity but does not change mean value of trait Can cause speciation
44
Balancing selection
Maintains variation in a trait
45
Purifying selection
Selection that lowers the frequency of, or even eliminates deleterious alleles
46
Heterozygote advantage
Occurs when heterozygous individuals have higher fitness than homozygous individuals do
47
Frequency dependent selection
a situation where fitness is dependent upon the frequency of a phenotype or genotype in a population
48
Intersexual selection
Selection of an individual of one sex for mating by an individual of the other sex
49
Intrasexual selection
A type of sexual selection driven by competition among family members of one sex for an opportunity to mate
50
sexual dysmorphism
Any trait that differs between males and females
51
Sexual polymorphism
presence of two or more variant forms of a specific DNA sequence that occurs on males or females
52
Sampling error
Occurs when the allele frequencies of a chosen subset of a population are different from those in the total population
53
Vestigial trait
Reduced or incompletely developed structure that has no function
54
Transitional features
Traits in fossil species intermediate between ancestral and derived species
55
Law of succession
Fossil species that are similar to living species in the same geographical area
56
Selection
Differential reproduction as a result of heritable variation
57
Deleterious
Lower fitness alleles
58
Inbreeding depression
Decline in average fitness when homozygosity increases and heterozygosity decreases
59
How inbreeding influences evolution
Increases frequency of homozygous recessive individuals
60
Bottleneck effect
Natural disaster kills individuals non selectively causing drastic reduction in population size
61
Founder effect
Small number of individuals colonize new habitat and start new population

Biology (40 decks)

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