Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology > Chapter 7 Inside the Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Inside the Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two fundamental types of cells

A

Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is morphology

A

Overall shape and appearance of an organism and its component parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell

A

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Phylogeny

A

Evolutionary history of a group of organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What 3 domains are organisms divided into

A

Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What domains are prokaryotic and eukaryotic

A

Bacteria and Archaea are prokaryotic and Eukarya are eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Transmission electron microscope

A

A microscope that produces images by passing a focused beam of electrons through extremely thin sections of cells to visualize their internal structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the similar components in prokaryotes structure and what’s different

A

All prokaryotes have at least one chromosome and many protein-synthesizing ribosomes are enclosed within a plasma membrane

What differs is the phospholipid components of archaeal and bacterial membranes, the structure of hydrocarbon chains and the types of linkages used to join hydrocarbon tails to glycerol heads and archaeal membrane is more stable in extreme environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The difference between bacterial phospholipids and archaeal phospholipids

A

Bacterial phospholipids: Consist of fatty acids bound to glycerol

Archaeal phospholipids: Highly branched isoprenoid chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Most prominent structure inside a prokaryotic cell and what does it have

A

Chromosome that consists of a large DNA molecule associated with proteins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the nucleoid

A

The region of the cell where the circular chromosome is located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small, supercoiled DNA molecules that in prokaryotes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Why do circular chromosomes supercoil

A

To fit into the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do ribosomes synthesize

A

Proteins by using genetic info by messenger RNA (referred to as macromolecular machines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the cytoskeleton and what is it do

A

A network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm

It helps in cell shape support and transport of materials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Photosynthesis

A

chemical reactions that convert energy in sunlight into chemical energy, which is stored in sugars like glucose.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are Organelles

A

specialized structures or enzymes inside a cell geared to do a specific function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a cell wall

A

Tough fibrous layer that surrounds the plasma membrane of bacterial and archaeal cells. Only in fungi, algae and plants

Protects the organism, gives it structural support.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Flagellum

A

A flagellum is a microscopic hair-like organelle used by cells and microorganisms for movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Fimbria

A

Needlelike projection that extends from the plasma membrane and allows the bacteria to stick to a surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Prokaryotic cell structure and functions

A

Fimbriae: Surface appendages that allow a bacterium to stick to other surfaces

Plasma membrane: Selective barrier allows passage of oxygen,
nutrients and waste

Cell wall: Rigid wall outside plasma
membrane, surrounds and supports cell

Nucleoid region: Contains DNA info that controls cell

Ribosomes: Where proteins synthesized

Flagellum: Structure that propels cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is included in the domain Eukarya

A

Protists, fungi, plants and animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why are eukaryotic cells different than prokaryotic cells

A

Eukaryotic cells are much larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cytosol

A

The fluid portion between the plasma membrane and these organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
2 advantages of compartalizing the large volume of eukaryotic cells
Incompatible chemical reactions can be separated. Chemical reactions become more efficient.
24
Cytoskeleton
The structural framework of the cell. Tracks that transports materials from one place to another
25
Mitochondria
Double membraned organelle that creates ATP molecules
26
Nucleus
Enclosed by double membrane by nuclear envelope Houses DNA that is wrapped around proteins
27
Cytoplasm
Ribosomes clamp onto strands of mRNA in here
28
Endomembrane system
Where protein processing occurs Cell's network of internal membrane
29
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Part of EM system
30
Type types of ER
Rough: Covered with ribosomes and a network of branching sacs. Protein synthesis and processing Smooth: Lacks ribosomes and is where lipids are produced
31
Golgi Apparatus
Proteins undergo further processing here and it also produces and modifies polysaccharides.
32
Lysosomes
Contains digestive enzymes and fuses with worn out mitochondrion to break it down. Breaks down many other cellular components as well with hydrolytic enzymes
33
Central vacuole
Stores various compounds produced by the cell, regulates the composition of the cytoplasm Only plants and fungi contain large vacuoles.
34
Chloroplasts
Makes their own food by photosynthesis in chloroplasts.
34
What is the cisterna
Compartments that makeup the Golgi Apparatus
35
Lysosomes
Organelle in animal cells and some plant cells that contain enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis reactions and can digest large molecules.
36
Peroxisomes
Organelle found in eukaryotic cells that contain enzymes for oxidizing fatty acids and other compounds.
37
Glyoxysomes
Specialized peroxisomes only found in plant cells called glyoximes packed with enzymes that oxidize fatty acids to form a compound that can be used to store energy.
38
What is the mitochondrial matrix
The solution in the inner membrane, that contains mitochondrion DNA, ribosomes and enzymes.
38
Mitochondrion structure
Outer membrane is the surface and the inner membrane forms a series of cristae. The solution in the inner membrane is the mitochondrial matri
39
What is the structure of the chloroplast
Double membrane
40
Thykakoids
A membrane bound network of sac like structures inside the chlorplast that converts light energy to chemical energy.
41
Grana
Interconnected stacks of thylakoids
42
Stroma
Fluid-filled space surrounding grana. Contains enzyms that use the chemical energy to produce sugars
43
Endosymbiosis theory
Endosymbiosis theory explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from prokaryotic cells by engulfing them and forming a symbiotic relationship.
44
Extracellular matrix
A mixture of secreted proteins and polysaccharides that support animal cells.
45
Differential centrifugation
Technique that allowed researchers to isolate cell components and analyze their chemical composition
46
Nuclear pore complex
Large complex of 30 proteins that form an opening in the nuclear envelope. Allows the fee diffusion of small molecules and ions
47
ribosomal RNAs
RNA molecule produced in the nucleus that forms part of the ribosome
48
Pulse-chase experiment
A type of experiment that involves using a labeled molecule to mark a population of cells or molecules at a particular moment then following their fate over time.
48
messenger RNAs
Carry information required to manufacture proteins.
49
ER signal sequence
Short amino acid sequence that marks a polypeptide for transport to endoplasmic reticulum.
50
Signal recognition particle
An RNA-protein complex that binds to the ER signal sequence in a polypeptide as it emerges from a ribosome and participates in transport of the ribosome
51
What is glycosylation
Addition of a carbohydrate group to a molecule
52
What is a glycoprotein
Any protein with one or more covalently bonded carbohydrates, typically oligosaccharides.
53
Exocytosis
Materials are exported in vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane and release contents outside cell
54
Endocytosis
Plasma membrane pinches in and brings in vesicles that bring materials outside the cell
55
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
sequence of events that begins when particles outside the cell bind to receptors on the plasma membrane
56
Early endosome
Where vesicles drop off their cargo
57
Phagocytosis
Second pathway that involves recycling material. The plasma membrane surrounds a smaller cell and engulfs it, forming a structure called phagosome. Then it is delivered to a lysosome where the phagosome and lysosome membranes fuse and the contents of the phagosome are digested
58
Autophagy
A process by which damaged organelles and other cytoplasmic components are surrounded by a membrane and delivered to a lysosome to be recycled.
59
What are Actin Filaments
fibrous structures made of protein subunits called actin.
60
What are the three types of filaments that make up a cytoskeleton
Actin filaments, Intermediate filaments, microtubules
61
What is the structure of an actin filament
2 long strands that coil around each other and it forms when actin protein subunits polymerize.
62
What is the function of actin filaments
Provide structural support, involved in movement
63
Cytokinesis
Final stage in cell division when the cytoplasm is divided to form two cells
64
Cytoplasmic streaming
Directed flow of cytosol and organelles that is often seen within plant and fungal cells
65
Intermediate filament
One of the three type of cytoskeletal fibers Long fiber composed of various proteins Used to form networks that help maintain cell shape and hold the nucleus in place
66
67
Microtubles
largest diameter of the three cytoskeletal filaments Assembled from subunits consisting of two closely related proteins, a tubulin and b-tubulin.
68
Microtubule organizing center
General term for any structure where new microtubules originate in cells
68
Centrosome
Microtubule-organizing center in animal cells that is near the nucleus
69
Microtubules functions
Provide stability, involved in movement, provide structural framework.
70
Centrioles
One of two small cylenderical structures contained in centresome.
71
72
73
Kinesin
Class of motor proteins that uses the chemical energy of ATP to walk towards the plus send off the microtubules. Used to transport vesicles, particles and chromosomes.
74
Cilium
hairlike projection that is found in some eukaryotic cells
75
axoneme
characteristic of cilia and flagella. Arrangement of microtubules, that consist of nine microtubule pairs, surrounding two central microtubules.
76
Dynein
A class of motor proteins that uses the chemical energy of ATP to walk towardsthe minus end of a microtubule Responsible for bending of cilia and flagella, play a role in chromosome movement during mitosis, and can transport vesicles and organelles.
77

Biology (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions