Chapter 34

Question 1

Why the plant body is dynamic

Answer 1

Indeterminate growth

Question 2

Indeterminate growth

Answer 2

plant growth in which the main stem continues to elongate indefinitely without being limited by a terminal inflorescence or other reproductive structure.

Question 3

Functions of plant

Answer 3

Gains inorganic resources like sunlight, CO2, H20 \

Use photosynthesis to make organic molecules

Question 4

Root system functions

Answer 4

Anchor plant to soil

Take up ions and water from soil

Conduct water and ions to shoot system

Obtain energy from sugar in the shoots

Store molecules produced by shoots

Question 5

Where does a majority of photosynthesis occur in plants

Answer 5

Leaves due to a large surface area available for absorbing photons

Question 6

Bulbs

Answer 6

Onion bulb store nutrients

Question 7

Floral mimics

Answer 7

Modified to have different colors and attract pollinators

Question 8

Succulent leaves

Answer 8

Succulent leaves store water

Question 9

Traps

Answer 9

Modified leaf that traps insects for food

Question 10

Tendrils

Answer 10

Allow vines to climb

Question 11

Three tissue systems found in plants

Answer 11

Dermal tissue system
Ground tissue system
Vascular tissue system

Question 11

What are features plant cells have not found in animals

Answer 11

1. Surrounded by cellulose-rich primary cell wall and a rigid secondary cell wall
2. Plant cells are interconnected by plasmodesmata

Question 12

Dermal Tissue System

Answer 12

Consists of dermal tissue (skin tissue) also called epidermis (outermost layer of cells of any multicellular organism)

1. Epidermal cells secrete cuticle
2. Stomata
3. Trichomes

Question 13

Cuticle

Answer 13

Hydrophobic, waxy layer that covers shoots, protecting leaves and reducing water loss

Question 14

Stomata

Answer 14

Part of dermal tissue system

regulate exchange of gases
– Open when plenty of water, allows CO2 to enter
– Close when H2O scarce, preventing excess water losss

Surrounded by two specialized guard cells, change shape to open or close the pore

Question 15

Trichomes

Answer 15

Part of Dermal Tissue system

Hair-like appendages

1. Keep plant cool and protect against damaging sunlight
2. Minimize water loss
3. Regulate gas exchange in shoots
4. Provide barbs or toxins to protect from herbivores

Question 16

Ground tissue system and types

Answer 16

Most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage take place in ground tissue

Cells in ground tissue are responsible for most of the synthesis and storage of specialized products required for defense

Three cell types:
Parenchyma
Collenchyma
Sclerenchyma

Question 17

Parenchyma

Answer 17

Type of cell in the ground tissue system

1. Most abundant and versatile plant cells
2. Primary site of photosynthesis in leaves

3.Mainly store starch in roots

These cells are totipotent

Alive at maturity and have functioning nuclei

Question 18

Totipotent

Answer 18

Continue to divide and develop into a mature cell

Helps in repair of wounds and reproduction
New plants can grow from cuttings

Question 19

Collenchyma

Answer 19

Type of totipotent cell in the ground tissue system

Have primary cell walls that continue to expand and provide flexible support to growing regions of shoots

Support growth: Found in elongating stems and leaf petioles, just underneath the epidermis

Question 20

Sclerenchyma

Answer 20

Type of cell in the ground tissue system

1. Produce two cell walls (1 thin and 1 thick cell wall that consists of rigid lignin and cellulose)
2. Dead at maturity and contain no cytoplasm
3. Fibers and sclereids are two ways they are organized

Question 21

Xylem

Answer 21

Part of vascular tissue system

Conducts water and dissolved nutrients in one direction from the root system to the shoot system

Composed of tracheids and vessel elements

Question 22

Phloem

Answer 22

Part of vascular tissue system

Plant vascular tissue used to transport sugar in both directions throughout plant

Made up of two types of specialized cells called sieve-tube elements and companion cells

Question 23

Tracheids

Answer 23

Major component of xylem tissue and responsible for movement of water

Long, tapered and have pits

Question 24

Meristems

Answer 24

region of cells capable of division and growth in plants Allows plants to grow throughout their lives

Question 25

Apical meristems

Answer 25

Group of undifferentiated plant cells Found at the tip of each root and shoot; responsible for primary growth

Question 26

Root cap

Answer 26

Actively pushed through the soil 1. Group of cells that protects apical meristem 2. Senses gravity to determine growth direction 3. secretes lubricant

Question 27

Zone of cellular elongation

Answer 27

In the middle of the zone of cellular division and maturation contains cells that do not divide and instead elongate rapidly, about 10 times faster than meristem cells Most responsible for the growth of roots through the soil

Question 28

Zone of cellular maturation

Answer 28

Differentiate into tissues; absorb water and nutrients through root hairs Lateral roots grow here

Question 29

Secondary growth

Answer 29

Increases width of roots and shoots, results from cell divisions in the vascular and cork cambia. Major function is increasing amount of conducting tissue available and providing increased structural support Produces wood and occurs in species that have cambium in addition to apical meristems Occurs in some but not all plants

Question 30

Cambium

Answer 30

a thin cell layer between the xylem and phloem of most vascular plants from which new cells (as of wood and bark) develop.

Question 31

What is a function common to both roots and shoots

Answer 31

Harvesting resources from the environment

Question 32

Phenotypic plasticity in roots and shoots

Answer 32

Ability to modify form depending on environmental conditions

Question 33

Simple leaf

Answer 33

Leaf consisting of single blade Composed of two structures called the blade and stalk of petiole

Question 34

Compound leaves

Answer 34

Leaf consisting of two or more blades and have them divided into a series of leaflets

Question 35

Double compound leaves

Answer 35

Have leaflets that are divided

Question 36

Needlelike leaves

Answer 36

Adapt to very cold or hot climates

Question 37

Vascular Tissue System

Answer 37

Tissues that transport water, nutrients, and sugars Moves products of photosynthesis that are made and stored in ground tissue Consist of two complex tissues: xylem and phloem

Question 38

Vessel elements

Answer 38

An elongated, water-conducting cell in xylem that are short and wide and has pits and perforations Dead at maturity and contain no cytoplasm

Question 39

What does bark do for the tree

Answer 39

Replaces epidermis as protective covering

Question 40

Primary growth

Answer 40

Increase in the length of stems and roots due to the activity of apical meristems Major function is to increase a plant's ability to absorb light and acquire carbon dioxide, water and nutrients

Question 41

Primary meristems

Answer 41

Three types of partially differentiated cells produced by apical meristems function in helping the plant increase in length or vertical growth

Question 42

Protoderm

Answer 42

functions like the skin of the plant and forms the outer layer, protecting the plant from the environment.

Question 43

root hairs

Answer 43

Outgrowths that increase surface area of the dermal tissue absorb nutrients and water which are sent through the tip of the plant's root.

Question 43

Zone of cellular division

Answer 43

Group of apical meristematic cells just behind the root cap where cells are actively dividing

Question 43

Procambium

Answer 43

Primary meristem tissue that gives rise to the vascular tissue Primary Tissue Ground tissue system Xylem and Phloem

Question 43

Three distinct populations of cells that exist behind the root cap

Answer 43

Zone of cellular division Zone of cellular elongation Zone of cellular maturation

Question 43

Vascular bundles

Answer 43

Cluster of xylem and phloem strands that run the length of the stem This is how the primary shoot system is organized

Question 44

Two types of cambia in plants that undergo secondary growth

Answer 44

Vascular cambium Secondary cambium

Question 44

Cork cambium

Answer 44

Type of cylindrical meristem that produces cork with lenticels (main tissue associated with tree bark)

Question 45

Secondary xylem (wood)

Answer 45

produced as a result of secondary growth from vascular cambium Much more complex tissue than primary xylem and consists of a number of different cell types

Question 46

Secondary phloem

Answer 46

produced as a result of secondary growth from vascular cambium Type of phloem that forms from the vascular cambium during the secondary growth