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Biology > Chapter 47 > Flashcards

Chapter 47 Flashcards

1
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

based on mitosis & results in offspring that are
genetically identical to one another and to their parent equivalent to cloning

ex. budding in hydra, fission in anemones and parthenogenesis in lizards

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2
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

based on meiosis & gamete fusion

▪Due to genetic recombination during meiosis & fusion of haploid gametes( usually from different parents) during fertilization, on results in offspring that are genetically
different from each other & from their parents!

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3
Q

Binary fission

A

Major type of asexual reproduction

Single parent cell doubles its DNA, then divides into two cells. Usually occurs in bacteria.

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3
Q

Fragmentation

A

Organisms break into two or more fragments that develop into a new individual. Occurs in many plants, as well as some animals (like coral, sponges, and starfish).

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3
Q

Benefits of asexual reproduction

A
  • all individuals can reproduce
  • requires no mates, travel or competition
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4
Q

Budding

A

Major type of asexual reproduction

Small growth on surface of parent breaks off, resulting in the formation of two individuals. Occurs in yeast and some animals (like the hydra below).

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5
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Type of asexual reproduction

An embryo develops from an unfertilized cell. Occurs in invertebrates, as well as in some fish, amphibians, and reptiles.

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6
Q

Gametogenesis

A

Consists of spermatogenesis: how the sperm is created and oogenesis or how the egg is created

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7
Q

Oogenesis

A

1 egg ; 4 sperm

  1. Primary germ cell
  2. Oogonium through mitotic divisions
  3. Primary oocyte forms through mitotic divisions
    - arrested n prophase 1 of meiosis
  4. Through meiosis I, secondary oocyte and polar body is formed
  5. Through meiosis II ootid and another polar body is made
  6. A mature egg ell (ovum is created)
    - arrested at metaphase II of meiosis
  7. Sperm enters and fertilized egg
    - Completes meiosis II
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8
Q

Spermatogenesis

A

Male germ cells undergoes meiosis to produce four gametes

  1. Primordial germ cell in embryo
  2. Spermatogonial stem cell through mitotic divisions
  3. Spermatogonium through mitotic divisions
  4. Primary spermatocyte from mitotic divisions
  5. Two secondary spermatocyte through
    meiosis 1
  6. Early 4 spermatid through meiosis II
  7. Sperm through differentiation (Sertoli cells provide nutrients)
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9
Q

Differences between Oogenesis and spermatogenesis

A
  1. Oogenesisceases later in
    life; spermatogenesis
    continues throughout
    adult life
  2. Oogenesishas long
    interruptions;
    spermatogenesis produces
    sperm from precursor cells
    in continuous sequence
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10
Q

Ovulation

A

Sperm entry into matured egg cell and becomes a fertilized egg at completion of meiosis II

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11
Q

Scrotum

A

Holds testes and penis

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12
Q

Penis

A

organ of copulation needed for internal fertilization

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13
Q

Where are the accessory fluids formed

A

seminal vesicles, prostate
gland & bulbourethral gland

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14
Q

Where is sperm produced and stored

A

Produced by testes and stored in epididymis

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14
Q

Vas deferens

A

tubes that transport sperm from
epididymis to ejaculatory duct.

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15
Q

Ovary

A

Where meiosis produces egg cells (ova)

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16
Q

Semen

A

combination of sperm & accessory fluids

Passes through urethra, that services both reproductive & urinary systems in males

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17
Q

Viviparous

A

Female retains embryo & provides nourishment during development

Humans are viviparous

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17
Q

What happens during ovulation

A

Egg is expelled from ovary & enters oviduct (fallopian tube), where fertilization may take place

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18
Q

Uterus

A

Where embryonic development takes place

During childbirth, the baby passes through
cervix & into the vagina

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19
Q

Where does fertilization take place

A

Oviduct (fallopian tubes)

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20
Q

How puberty is initiated

A
  1. Gonadotropin releasing hormone is released from hypothalamus
  2. Triggers release of
    luteinizing hormone
    (LH) & follicle-stimulating
    hormone (FSH) from
    pituitary gland
  3. LH & FSH trigger increases in testosterone
    or estradiol
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21
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

monthly reproductive cycle that occurs in
ovary & uterus (averages 28 days in humans)

Along ovary changes, uterine lining undergoes thickening & subsequently regression.

22
Q

Menustration

A

Starts by combined ovarian and uterine cycles

Expulsion of uterine lining through vagina

23
Q

2 stages of menstrual cycle

A

Follicular phase
Luteal phase

24
Q

Follicular phase

A

14 days, follicle matures &
ovulation occurs (primary oocytes undergo meiosis to produce mature ovum)

25
Q

Luteal phase

A

14 days, structure called corpus luteum
forms from ruptured follicle & later degenerates

26
Q

Cleavage

A

In most mammals, cleavage (mitosis of the fertilized egg) begins before embryo reaches the uterus

27
Q

Human Chorionic
Gonadotropin (HCG)

A

made initially by the embryo stimulates corpus luteum to continue hormone secretion until placenta takes over

Hormones have negative
feedback on LH & FSH as they suppress cycles of ovulation until pregnancy completed

28
Q

Progesterone

A

Progesterone stimulates the conversion of the thickened uterine lining to a tissue that can support embryonic implantation and development after ovulation.

Progesterone exerts negative feedback on pituitary hormones.

29
Q

Which hormone spikes midway through the menstrual cycle and triggers ovulation?

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH).

30
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

A
  • secreted by the pituitary gland
  • causes the mature ovarian follicle to rupture, a process called ovulation.
31
Q

Transport and delivery of s

A
  1. The vas deferens transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct, which empties into the urethra;
  2. The urethra carries sperm through the penis to the outside of the body and into the female reproductive tract.
32
Q

The thickening of the uterine wall, which allows it to support a developing embryo, is triggered by a rise in which of the following hormones?

A

Progesterone

A rise in progesterone lowers production of LH and FSH and activates the thickening of the uterine lining.

33
Q

How does testosterone release differ from cortisol release?

A

Only testosterone is triggered by FSH.

34
Q

Ovarian cycle

A
  1. Hypothalamus secretes GnRh
  2. Hypothalamus stimulates pituitary gland to secrete LS and FSH
  3. LS and FSH stimulate follicle growth and secretion of estradiol
    - High levels of estradiol increases LH and FSH production

Follicle phase

  1. Follicle maturation and ovulation

Luteal phase

  1. Corpus luteum secretes estradiol and progesterone
    - estradiol and progesterone inhibit production of LH and FSH
  2. Corpus luteum disintegrates
    - causes decline in estradiol and progesterone and ends inhibition of hypothalamus and pituitary
35
Q

What is placenta composed of?

A

tissue of maternal and fetal origin.

36
Q

Why is progesterone production in the corpus luteum important in the first trimester of pregnancy?

A

To maintain the uterine lining and after this, the placenta will provide enough progesterone

37
Q

Who produces larger eggs? Viviparous or Oviparous

A

oviparous populations due to the eggs containing all the nutrients and water required for the entire period of embryonic development

38
Q

Which structure in the male reproductive tract delivers the sperm from the testis in the scrotum to the base of the penis on its way to ejaculation?

A

Vas deferens

The vas deferens tube is about a foot long and connects the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct within the prostate gland.

39
Q

Which structure in the female reproductive system is the longest path for the ovum as it travels from the ovary to the uterus?

A

Oviduct

40
Q

What do follicles produce as it matures

A

As the follicle matures, it secretes estradiol and a small amount of progesterone.

41
Q

Positive feedback mechanism in hormonal control of human menstrual cycle

A

High levels of estradiol trigger release of more LH. The follicle can produce high levels of estradiol only if it has grown and matured.

42
Q

Starting at puberty what happens in spermatogenesis

A

Starting at puberty, hormones stimulate the primary spermatocytes to undergo meiosis I to form secondary spermatocytes, which then undergo meiosis II to form spermatids.

43
Q

Start of menstrual cycle characterized by

A

Endometrium thickens and releases fluids for the first 5 days

44
Q

What is the role of FSH

A

Stimulates growth of a follicle that contains an egg cell

Stimulates production of estrogen

45
Q

What is the role of LH

A

The LH triggers ovulation mid cycle

Trigger ruptured follicle to develop into lumen corpilus

46
Q

Effects of estrogen

A

Stimulates regrowth of linings of uterus

47
Q

What happens where there is low estrogen

A

Assures negative feedback so that only one follicle could be created at a time, by decreases FSH

48
Q

What happens where there is high estrogen

A

Stimulates high levels of LH and that triggers ovulation

49
Q

What does the corpus luteum secrete

A

estrogen and progesterone that maintains the endometrium and inhibits FSH and LH secretion.

50
Q

What maintains the corpus luteum if there is fertilization

A

human chorionic gonadotropin
(hcg)

51
Q

Where does the sperm become capable of movement

A

epididymis

52
Q

What does a drop in testosterone do

A

Stimulate the brain to produce more LH to produce more androgens

53
Q

What happens when androgens are increased and decreased

A

inhibits the secretion of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus and LH secretion by the pituitary gland.

A decrease in androgens stimulates the secretion of releasing hormones by the hypothalamus and LH secretion by the pituitary gland.

54
Q

What pituitary gland hormone stimulates sperm production

A

FSH

55
Q

What pituitary gland hormone stimulates the testes to secrete androgens

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

56
Q

Where do sperm develop

A

In seminiferous tubules, found within testes.

57
Q

SEVEN UP

A

S: Seminiferous tubules, where sperm production takes place
E: Epididymis, where sperm cells are stored
V: Vas deferens, where sperm are transported to the urethra
N: Nothing
U: Urethra, which carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, and also ejaculates semen during orgasm
P: Penis

Biology (40 decks)

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