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Biology > Chapter 38 > Flashcards

Chapter 38 Flashcards

1
Q

Three basic reproductive structures of plants

A

Flower
Seed
Fruit

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2
Q

Flower

A

Produces gametes; develops seeds and fruit

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3
Q

Seed

A

Consists of embryo and nutrient stores

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4
Q

Fruit

A

Develops from flower and contains seeds

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5
Q

What is sexual reproduction based on

A

Meiosis and fertilization

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6
Q

Meiosis

A

nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells.

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7
Q

Fertilization

A

fusion of haploid gametes that produces diploid zygote

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8
Q

Alternation of generations

A

Land plants have a life cycle with two distinct multicellular forms: one diploid (sporophyte) & one haploid (gametophyte)

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9
Q

Mosses

A

non-flowering plants which produce spores and have stems and leaves, but don’t have true roots.

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10
Q

Gametophyte

A

Haploid stage of life cycle

In bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, the gametophyte is the dominant life phase and the sporophyte is dependent on it

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11
Q

Sporophyte

A

Diploid multicellular stage of life cycle

In angiosperms and gymnosperms the sporophyte is dominant.

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12
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

does not involve fertilization & results in genetically identical copies of parent (clones)

  • Advantage- very efficient (based on Mitosis)
  • Disadvantage- genetically similar populations more likely to succumb to diseases
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13
Q

Rhizomes

A

horizontal stems from which shoots & roots emerge (nodes separate from parent plant)

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14
Q

Corms

A

underground modified stems

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15
Q

Plantlets

A

from meristematic tissue located along margins of leaves (drop off to form new plant)

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16
Q

Apomixis

A

when seeds form without fertilization (result in seeds genetically identical to parent)

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17
Q

What is flowering stimulated by

A

External cues
Internal cues

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18
Q

External cues

A

length of day/night or arrival of seasonal rains

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19
Q

Internal cues

A

related to nutritional needs

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20
Q

Basic organs of reproductive structures that are modified leaves

A
  1. Sepals
  2. Petals
  3. Stamens
  4. Carpels
    All attached to receptable
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21
Q

Sepals

A

Reproductive structure

leaf-like structures, usually green & photosynthetic

  • Arranged in circle (whorl) attached to receptacle & enclose flower bud as it develops/grows
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21
Q

Calyx

A

entire group of sepals in flower

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21
Q

Petals

A

arranged in whorl, often brightly colored to advertise flower to pollinators

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22
Q

Nectary

A

Gland contained in base of petals that produces nectar that is harvested by animals

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23
Corolla
Entire group of petals in flower
23
Stamens
reproductive structures that produce male gametophytes (pollen grains) by meiosis, which in turn produce sperm by mitosis Consists of filament and anthers
24
Filament
Part of stamen a stalk-like structure that attaches to the base of the flower and supports the anther
25
Anther
Structure in stamen that produces pollen
26
Carpel
Produces female gametophytes (by meiosis) which in turn produces eggs by mitosis Contains 3 parts Stigma Style Ovary
27
Stigma
Part of carpel Moist tip that receives pollen
28
Style
Part of carpel Slender stalk that connects the stigma and the ovary
29
Ovary
Base of carpel Houses the ovules where female gametophytes are produces
30
Perfect flowers
Contains both stamens and carpels
31
Monoecious plants
Have separate stamen and carpel producing flowers on same individual in different locations of plant
32
Dioecious plants
Have either stamen or carpel producing imperfect flowers on different plants
33
Megasporangia
Structure in ovule that contains megasporocyte
34
megasporocyte
Divides by meiosis producing 4 cells; 3 degenerate; surviving megaspore divides by mitosis to produce haploid egg and polar bodies (embryo sac)
35
Formation of female gametophyte
1. Megasporocyte undergoes meiosis creating 4 cells 2. Three cells degenerate 3. Surviving megaspore cell divides by mitosis. 4. Female gametophyte (embryo sac) is created
36
Female gametophyte (embryo sac)
produces the female gametes and is developed in ovule 3 cells at the bottom are egg cells 2 in the middle are polar and create the endosperm
37
What happens in anther
microsporangia cells (microsporocytes)undergo meiosis, producing 4 microspores
38
Pollen grain (male gametophytes)
Result of each of the 4 microspores dividing mitotically Haploid, immature male gametophyte with two nuclei
39
When are male gametophytes considered mature
When generative cell produces two sperm cells via mitosis
40
Formation of male gametophyte
1. Microsporocyte divides by meiosis 2. Resulting microspores divide by mitosis 3. Mature pollen grains form
41
Generative cell
In pollen grain and divides mitotically into two sperm cells that pass through pollen tube to enter the embryo sac of the flower
42
Pollination
Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
43
Fertilization
Sperm and egg unite to form diploid zygote
44
Mutualism of pollination
Pollinators benefit by receiving food by feeding on the flower; plants benefit because of outcrossing
45
Outcrossing
Mating of different individuals
46
How the fertilization in angiosperms occur
1. Germination 2. Pollen tube cells undergo mitosis and starts to grow into style while the generative cell divides into two sperm cells 3. Pollen tube grows into microphyle and enters the female gametophyte 4. Double fertilization occurs One sperm fertilizes the egg to form zygote The second sperm combines with those 2 polar bodies to form large 3n cell (endosperm)
47
How are fruits developed
From the ovary
48
Embryogenesis
Process by which single-celled zygote becomes multicellular embryo
49
Seed dormancy
Hibernation for seeds 1. Adaptation that prevents seeds from germinating on parent plant 1. Ensures they will not germinate till environment is ideal
50
How seed dormancy is broken
1. Seed coat being scarified or broken 2. Exposure to proper environmental conditions
51
Simple fruit
Develops from single flower with one carpel or fused carpels
52
Aggregate fruit
Develops from single flower with many separate carpels
53
Multiple fruit
Develops from many flowers with many carpels
54
Germination
Resumption of growth of male gametophyte
55
Maturation of seed
Embryo and endosperm develops inside ovule and becomes surrounded by covering - seed coat Ovary around ovule develop into fruit
56
Function of fruit
Seed protection and seed dispersal
57
Seed germination
1. Seed take up water, consume oxygen and synthesize proteins 2. Water uptake stops, seed begins to manufacture new mRNAs and proteins needed to support growth and mitochondria begin to multiply 3. Water uptake resumes as growth begins and cells enlarge as embryo bursts from seed coat
58
Role of endosperm
nourishes embryos as they develop.
59

Biology (40 decks)

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