Chapter 30.3 and 30.4

Question 1

What are bilaterian animals?

Answer 1

Two categories of animals called protostomes and deuterostomes that differ from each other in embryo development

Question 2

What is blasty?

Answer 2

Numbers of germ layers

Question 3

What are the four ecological roles

Answer 3

Detritivores
Carnivores
Herbivores
Omnivores

Question 4

What are Detritivores?

Answer 4

Organisms that feed on dead organic matter

Question 5

What are Carnivores?

Answer 5

Organisms that feed on animals

Question 6

What are Herbivores?

Answer 6

Organisms that feed on plants and algae

Question 6

What are Omnivores?

Answer 6

Organisms that can feed on combinations of plants, animals, fungi, protists, archaea, bacteria

Question 7

What are the types of feeding strategies

Answer 7

Suspension feeders
Fluid feeders
Deposit feeders
Mass feeders

Question 8

How do suspension feeders obtain food

Answer 8

Capture food by filtering out particles floating in water or drifting through the air

Question 9

How do fluid feeders obtain food

Answer 9

Suck or mop up liquids like nectar, plant sap, blood (ex. butterflies)

Question 10

How do deposit feeders obtain food

Answer 10

Ingest organic material that has been deposited within a substrate or on its surface

Question 11

How do mass feeders obtain food

Answer 11

Take chunks of food into their mouth (ex. lions)

Question 11

Types of reproduction

Answer 11

Asexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction (external fertilization)
Internal fertilization

Question 12

Types of limbs

Answer 12

Lope-like limbs
Parapodia
Jointed limbs
Tube feet

Question 13

Modes of embryonic development after internal fertilization

Answer 13

Viviparous species
Oviparous species
Ovoviviparous species

Question 14

What are viviparous species method of embryonic development

Answer 14

Nourish the embryos internally and give birth to live young

Ex. most mammals

Question 15

What are Oviparous species method of embryonic development

Answer 15

Deposit fertilized eggs; nourished by yolk

Ex. Most insects, birds

Question 16

What are Ovoviviparous species method of embryonic development

Answer 16

Retain eggs internally, nourish embryos by yolk and give birth to live young

Ex. guppies, garter snakes

Question 17

What are the three phylum of non-bilaterian animals?

Answer 17

1. Porifera
2. Ctenophora
3. Cnidaria

Question 18

What are the characteristics of ponifera

Answer 18

1. Most are marine animals
2. Benthic (live at aquatic floor)
3. Adults are immobile and larvae swim using cilia
4. Reproduce asexually and most species produce both eggs and sperm, but rarely fertilize

Question 19

How do ponifera reproduce

Answer 19

Reproduce asexually with most species producing both eggs and sperm, rarely self-fertilizing

Question 20

How are ponifera beneficial to humans?

Answer 20

Commercial and medical value

ex. dried sponges used in bathing and washing and sponge toxins being studied for use in cancer chemotherapy

Question 20

Characterizations of Ctenophora

Answer 20

1. Only 190 marine species
2. Transparent and gelatinous

Question 21

How do ctenophora trap prey

Answer 21

With adhesive tentacles

Question 22

How do ctenophora move

Answer 22

Beating comb-like plates of cilia

Question 23

How do ctenophora reproduce

Answer 23

Self-fertilization

Question 24

What is diploblastic composed of

Answer 24

Endoderm and ectoderm

Question 25

Cnidaria (Jellyfish, corals, anemones, hydroids)

Answer 25

Phylum of non-bilaterian animals 11,500 species that are marine

Question 26

What are the characteristics of Cnidaria

Answer 26

Radially symmetric diploblasts with ectoderm and endoderm layers that sandwich a gelatinous layer Have gastrovascular cavity

Question 27

What does the life cycle of cnidarians include

Answer 27

Polyp reproduces asexually Free-floating medusa that reproduces sexually

Question 28

Characteristics of protostomes

Answer 28

Mouth develops first, before anus Mesoderm hollow out to form coelom Phylums: Arthopods, mollusks, segmented worms

Question 29

What are the characteristics of Deuterostomes

Answer 29

Anus develops first, before the mouth Pockets of mesoderm pinch off to form coelom Phylums: Chordates and echinoderms

Question 30

What does triploblastic mean

Answer 30

a condition of the gastrula in which there are three primary germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Outer: Ectoderm Middle: Mesoderm Inner: Endoderm

Question 31

What is the blastula

Answer 31

Is a hollow sphere of cells following the cleavage stage

Question 32

Stages of embryogenesis

Answer 32

Fertilization Cleavage stage Blastula stage Gastrulation

Question 33

What happens in the cleavage stage

Answer 33

Stage of embryogenesis after fertilization where the zygote goes through mitotic divisions and divides into blastomeres at which point they form the blastula

Question 34

What is the blastula?

Answer 34

hollow sphere of shells formed at the end of cleavage stage spherical layer of cells (the blastoderm) surrounding a fluid-filled or yolk-filled cavity (the blastocoel)

Question 35

What happens in Blastulation

Answer 35

In blastulation, the blastula divides itself into the blastoderm and blastocoel This is called the blastocyst

Question 36

Gastrulation

Answer 36

Series of cell rearrangements in which the 3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm form

Question 37

Development of embryo in protostomes

Answer 37

blastopore (the first opening formed during embryonic development) becomes the mouth

Question 38

What is the blastopore

Answer 38

The first opening formed during embryonic development where gastrula (embryonic stage in embryogenesis) communicates with the exterior

Question 39

Development of embryo in deuterostomes

Answer 39

blastopore (the first opening formed during embryonic development) becomes the anus

Question 40

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

Answer 40

Acts as hydrostatic skeleton

Question 41

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

Answer 41

Enables the internal organs to move independently of the outer tubes, or exterior of the animal

Question 42

What is the coelom

Answer 42

Main body cavity in many animals that acts as protective cushioning for internal organs

Question 43

Species that retain fertilized eggs internally, nourish the embryo with a yolk, and give birth to live young are said to be _______.

Answer 43

viviparous, with yolk as source of nutrition

Question 44

What animal groups are multicellular

Answer 44

Animalia and fungi

Question 45

Which of the following is evidence that supports the hypothesis that sponges are the sister group to all other animals?

Answer 45

Sponges share many characteristics with choanoflagellates.

Question 46

Why was the evolution of a coelom a critically important innovation for animals?

Answer 46

The coelom can act as a hydrostatic skeleton.

Question 47

What distinguishes animals from choanoflagellates

Answer 47

Animals are multicellular and choanoflagellates are not

Question 48

What phylum has corona?

Answer 48

Rotifers

Question 49

What phylum has jointed appendages

Answer 49

Arthopoda

Question 50

What phyla have segmented limbs

Answer 50

Tardigrada, Onychophora, and Arthropoda.

Question 51

Can exoskeletons expand?

Answer 51

No The exoskeleton cannot expand. Periodically, the ecdysozoans must molt their exoskeleton, pump up their bodies to expand their size, and form new, larger exoskeletons.

Question 52

Function of endoderm

Answer 52

gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract or gut.

Question 53

Function of mesoderm

Answer 53

gives rise to muscles and most other organs between the digestive tract (or gut) and the outer covering of the animal.

Question 54

Ectoderm

Answer 54

gives rise to the outer covering of the animal.

Question 55

What are animals, like flatworms lacking an internal body cavity called?

Answer 55

Acoelomate

Question 56

What are animals like roundworms that have an internal body cavity formed from both mesoderm and endoderm tissues called?

Answer 56

Pseudocoelmate

Question 57

What are mammals and fishes, who have a internal body cavity formed from mesoderm-derived tissues called?

Answer 57

Coelomate

Question 58

What are the similar characteristics between true coelom and pseudocoelom

Answer 58

- allows internal organs to move independently of each other and the outer body wall - helps prevent internal injury by cushioning organs - allows pressurized fluid to act like a skeleton in some invertebrates

Question 59

Characteristics of protostomes

Answer 59

- Spiral Cleavage - Solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom or blocks hollow out to form it - mouth develops from blastopore - Triploblastic

Question 60

Characteristics of deuterostomes

Answer 60

- Radial cleavage - Tripoblastic - anus develops from blastopore - Folds of archenteron form coelom or pockets of mesoderm break off to form it