chapter 24

Question 1

prokaryotes

Answer 1

archaea/bacteria

Question 2

eukaryotes

Answer 2

plants, fungi, animals

Question 3

protocells

Answer 3

membrane bound droplets that maintain a consistent internal chemistry. they are able to live almost anywhere.

Question 4

synthesis of macromolecules

Answer 4

-RNA monomers can be produced spontaneously
-small organic molecules polymerize when concentration on hot sand, clay, rock

Question 5

monomers turn into…

Answer 5

polymers

Question 6

macromolecules are considered

Answer 6

polymers

Question 7

amino acids polymerize…

Answer 7

polypeptides

Question 8

nucleotides polymerize

Answer 8

nucleic acids

Question 9

building membrane:

Answer 9

-created by themselves
-lipid bilayer creates its self bc it doesn’t like water
-membrane can form around biochem already found

Question 10

ribosomes

Answer 10

catalyze different reactions (make small copies of RNA)

Question 11

RNA…

Answer 11

first genetic material because it was the most simple.

Question 12

peptidoglycan

Answer 12

a network of modified sugars cross linked by polypeptides (bacterial cell wall)

Question 13

plant walls are made of

Answer 13

cellulos

Question 14

fungi walls are made of

Answer 14

chitin

Question 15

gram-positive

Answer 15

bacteria have simpler walls with a large amount of peptidoglycan (stain dark)

Question 16

gram-negative

Answer 16

bacterial have less peptidoglycan and a more toxic outer wall (stain light)

Question 17

capsule

Answer 17

a polysaccharide or protein layer that covers many prokaryotes

Question 18

fimbrea

Answer 18

sticks that poke out to help prokaryotes stick together

Question 19

endospores

Answer 19

resistant to many conditions and help keep populations or maintain themselves. nearly impossible to get rid of because they are designed to help keep populations coming back when conditions get rough

Question 20

pili

Answer 20

bigger than fimbriae and allow prokaryotes to exchange DNA

Question 21

taxis

Answer 21

movement and motion (prefix)

Question 22

flagella

Answer 22

move cell through medius (propel the cell)

Question 23

what defines a prokaryote

Answer 23

-lack compartmentalization
-special membrane that preform metabolic functions
-usually in foldings of the plasma membrane

Question 24

nucleoid

Answer 24

region in which chromosome is not surrounded by a membrane

Question 25

plasmids

Answer 25

small circular DNA

Question 26

photosynthetic

Answer 26

have thylakoid membrane

Question 27

autotroph

Answer 27

creates its own food using natural chemicals.

Question 28

photoautotroph

Answer 28

gets energy from light. carbon source comes from CO2 HCO3. photosynthetic prokaryotes.

Question 29

chemautotrophy

Answer 29

gets energy from inorganic chemicals. gets carbon from CO2 or HCO3. unique to certain prokaryotes.

Question 30

photoheterotroph

Answer 30

gets energy from light. gets carbon from organic compounds. unique to aquatic or salt-loving prokaryotes.

Question 31

chemoheterotroph

Answer 31

gets energy and carbon from organic compounds. many prokaryotes, protists, fungi, animals, and some plants

Question 32

nitrogen fixation

Answer 32

some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia which makes nitrogen cells in ecosystems.

Question 33

photocynthetic cells

Answer 33

group of single cells

Question 34

heterocyst

Answer 34

make fertilizer and usable forms of nitrogen

Question 35

biofilms

Answer 35

some prokaryotes metabolic cooperation occurs in surface-coating colonies. have rapid evolution because of small generation times.

Question 36

transfermentation

Answer 36

can take up or incoperate foreign DNA from surrounding environment

Question 37

transduction

Answer 37

movement of genes between bacteria biofagia

Question 38

conjunction

Answer 38

the process where genetic material is transferred between prokaryotic cells

Question 39

domain archaea

Answer 39

methmogens, themophiles, halophiles, extrmophiles

Question 40

domain bacteria

Answer 40

chlamydias(host cells), spirocheta(spiral shape), cyanobacteria(start of photosynthesis), gram-positive bacteria

Question 41

prokaryotes help biosphere…

Answer 41

decomposers/help clean and recycle

Question 42

mutualism

Answer 42

both symbiotic organisms benefit

Question 43

commensalism

Answer 43

one organism benefits

Question 44

parasites

Answer 44

harm bit doesn’t kill host

Question 45

pathogen

Answer 45

can cause diseases