chapter 36

Question 1

sexual reproduction

Answer 1

is the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete and female gamete to form a zygote

Question 2

asexual reproduction

Answer 2

is the creation of offspring without hte fusion of egg and sperm

Question 3

budding

Answer 3

offspring arise from outgrowths

Question 4

fission

Answer 4

the separation of a parent organism into two individuals of approximately equal size

Question 5

fragmentation

Answer 5

breaking of the body into pieces some or all of which develop into adults

Question 6

parthenogenesis

Answer 6

development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg

Question 7

meiosis produces …

Answer 7

gametes by genetic recombination (independent assortment, crossing over)

Question 8

asexual reproduction results in…

Answer 8

clonal offspring. if parent is well suited, offspring will be well suited

Question 9

testes

Answer 9

male gonads

Question 10

seminiferous tubules

Answer 10

highly coiled tubes where testes produce sperm

Question 11

to produce sperm it needs to be…

Answer 11

at correct temperature (2 degrees Celsius below core body temp)

Question 12

scrotum

Answer 12

fold of the body wall that maintains testis temperature

Question 13

epididymis

Answer 13

sperm come from the seminiferous tumbles of a testes and pass through this coiled duct

Question 14

penis is composed of

Answer 14

spongy erectile tissue

Question 15

ejaculation

Answer 15

sperm are propelled through the muscular vas deference and ejaculatory duct and then exit the penis through the urethra

Question 16

semen

Answer 16

composed of sperm plus secretions from three accessory gland

Question 17

accessory gland: seminal vesicles

Answer 17

alkaline secretions contain mucus, fructose, etc.

Question 18

accessory gland: prostate gland

Answer 18

secretes additional sperm nutrients

Question 19

accessory gland: bulbourethral glands

Answer 19

secretions neutralize acidic urine remaining in the urethra

Question 20

ovaries

Answer 20

female gonads. in abdominal cavity

Question 21

follicles

Answer 21

each ovary contains many of these which consist of a partially developed egg called an oocyte, surrounded by support cells

Question 22

ovulation

Answer 22

mature egg is released

Question 23

oviduct

Answer 23

mature egg travels from the ovary to the uterus by this. where fertilization will occur if sperm is present

Question 24

cilia

Answer 24

cilia in the oviduct move the egg to the uterus

Question 25

endometrium

Answer 25

the uterine lining. implantation of embryo in endometrium = pregnancy. lining shed through period

Question 26

cervix

Answer 26

neck of uterus which opens to vagina

Question 27

vagina

Answer 27

muscular but elastic chamber that is the repository for perm during copulation and serves as the birth canal.

Question 28

vulva

Answer 28

vagina leads to the outside of this. consists of the labia major a, labia minora, and clitoris

Question 29

clitoris

Answer 29

contains erectile tissue and is homologous to the male penis

Question 30

mammary glands

Answer 30

not part of the reproductive system per se but are important to mammalian reproduction. secrete milk

Question 31

cleavage stage

Answer 31

a series of mitoses divide the zygote into a many-celled embryo

Question 32

cleavage

Answer 32

a period of rapid cell division without growth

Question 33

blastula

Answer 33

hollow ball of cells with a fluid-filled cavity called a blastocoel

Question 34

gastrulation

Answer 34

a set of cells at or near the surface of the blastula moves to an interior location

Question 35

blastopore

Answer 35

a primitive digestive chamber forms with an opening called this

Question 36

gastrula

Answer 36

the hollow blastula is reorganized into a two or three layered embryo

Question 37

germ layers

Answer 37

produced by gastrulation

Question 38

ectoderm

Answer 38

forms the outer layer

Question 39

endoderm

Answer 39

forms the inner layer

Question 40

mesoderm

Answer 40

third germ layer only in vertebrates and bilaterally symmetric animals. middle of endo and ecto derm

Question 41

diploblastic animals

Answer 41

have two germ layers

Question 42

triploblastic animals

Answer 42

have three germ layers

Question 43

protostomes

Answer 43

mouth develops at first opening in the embryo

Question 44

deuterostomes

Answer 44

mouth develops at second opening in the embryo

Question 45

conception

Answer 45

fertilization of an egg by a sperm occurs in the oviduct

Question 46

gestation

Answer 46

condition of carrying one or more embryos in the uterus

Question 47

labor

Answer 47

uterine contractions that push the fetus out of the body

Question 48

contraception

Answer 48

the deliberate prevention of pregnancy