chapter 40

Question 1

ecology

Answer 1

the scientific study of interaction between organisms and the environment

Question 2

global ecology

Answer 2

concerned with the biosphere which is the sum of all teh plants ecosystems

Question 3

landscape ecology

Answer 3

focuses on the exchanges of energy, material, and organisms across multiple ecosystems

Question 4

landscape

Answer 4

is a mosaic of connected ecosystems

Question 5

ecosystem ecology

Answer 5

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling among the various biotic and abiotic components

Question 6

ecosystem

Answer 6

the community of organisms in an area and physical factors with which they interact

Question 7

community ecology

Answer 7

deals with the whole array of interacting species in a community

Question 8

community

Answer 8

a group of populations of different species in an area

Question 9

population ecology

Answer 9

focuses on factors affecting poluation size over time

Question 10

population

Answer 10

a group of individuals of the same species living in an area

Question 11

organismal ecology

Answer 11

studies how an organisms structure physiology and behavior meet environmental challenges

Question 12

climate

Answer 12

long-term prevailing weather condition in an area

Question 13

abiotic

Answer 13

factors are the nonliving chemical and physical attributes of the environment

Question 14

biotic

Answer 14

factors are the other organisms that make up the living component of the environment

Question 15

biomes

Answer 15

are major life zones characterized by vegetation type or physical environment

Question 16

disturbance

Answer 16

an event that changes a community

Question 17

tropical forest

Answer 17

occurs in equatorial and sub equatorial regions

Question 18

savanna

Answer 18

occurs in equatorial and sub equatorial regions

Question 19

deserts

Answer 19

occurs in bands near 30 degrees north and south of the equator and in the interior of continents

Question 20

chaparral

Answer 20

occurs midlatitude coastal regions

Question 21

temperate grasslands

Answer 21

midlatitudes often in the interior of continents

Question 22

temperate broadleaf forest

Answer 22

midlatitutes

Question 23

northern coniferous forest

Answer 23

spans North America and Eurasia and is the largest terrestrial biome on Earth

Question 24

tundra

Answer 24

covers expansive areas of the Arctic; alpine tundra exists on high mountaintops at all latitudes

Question 25

aquatic biomes

Answer 25

account for the largest part of the biosphere in terms of area

Question 26

photic zone

Answer 26

has sufficient light for photosynthesis

Question 27

aphotic zone

Answer 27

receives little light

Question 28

pelagic zone

Answer 28

photic and aphotic zones

Question 29

benthic zone

Answer 29

organic and inorganic sediment at the bottom of all aquatic zones

Question 30

wetlands

Answer 30

inundated by water at least sometimes

Question 31

estuary

Answer 31

a transition area between river and sea

Question 32

lakes

Answer 32

vary in size from small pond to large lake

Question 33

littoral zone

Answer 33

rooted and floating aquatic plants live in shallow and well-lighted zones such as these (close to shore)

Question 34

limnetic zone

Answer 34

water is deep to support rooted aquatic plants

Question 35

streams and rivers

Answer 35

have varying environmental conditions from headwater to mouth

Question 36

intertidal zones

Answer 36

are periodically submerges and exposed by the tides

Question 37

coral reefs

Answer 37

are formed from the calcium carbonate skeletons of corals (cnidarians)

Question 38

oceanic pelagic zone

Answer 38

70% of Earth’s surface neither close to shore or at bottom

Question 39

marine benthic zone

Answer 39

consists of sea floor

Question 40

deep-sea hydrothermal vents

Answer 40

volcanic origin

Question 41

dispersal

Answer 41

the movement of individuals away from their area of origin

Question 42

biotic

Answer 42

factors are living aspects of the environment

Question 43

abiotic

Answer 43

factors are non-living environment features

Question 44

density

Answer 44

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

Question 45

immigration

Answer 45

influx of individuals from other areas

Question 46

emigration

Answer 46

movement of individuals out of an area

Question 47

dispersion

Answer 47

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

Question 48

clumped dispersion

Answer 48

individuals aggregate in patches

Question 49

uniform dispersion

Answer 49

one in which individuals are evenly distributes

Question 50

territoriality

Answer 50

the defense of a bounded space against other individuals

Question 51

random dispersion

Answer 51

teh position of each individual is independent of other people

Question 52

life table

Answer 52

an age-specific summary of the survival pattern of a population

Question 53

survivorship curve

Answer 53

graphic way of representing the dat in a life table

Question 54

exponential population growth

Answer 54

population under idealized conditions

Question 55

carrying capacity

Answer 55

the maximum population size teh environment can support

Question 56

logistical population growth model

Answer 56

the per capita rate of increase declines as carrying capacity is reached

Question 57

competition for resources

Answer 57

occurs in crowded populations

Question 58

toxic wastes

Answer 58

produced by a population can accumulate in the environment

Question 59

predation

Answer 59

may increase with population size due to predator preference for abundant prey species

Question 60

territoriality

Answer 60

can limit population density when space becomes a limited resource

Question 61

disease

Answer 61

transmission rates may increase when increasing population density