chapter 28

Question 1

organ

Answer 1

several types of tissue that together carry out particular functions

Question 2

vascular plants get what from below ground

Answer 2

water/minerals

Question 3

vascular plants get what from above ground

Answer 3

co2/light

Question 4

what three organs do all plants need

Answer 4

roots/stem/leaves

Question 5

root system

Answer 5

all plants roots. rely on sugar

Question 6

shoot system

Answer 6

stems leaves and flowers if they have them. relays on water/minerals.

Question 7

root

Answer 7

anchors plant. absorbs minerals/water. stores carbs.

Question 8

taproot

Answer 8

main verticals root with branching lateral roots

Question 9

fibrous root system

Answer 9

doesn’t have main vertical root

Question 10

root hairs

Answer 10

absorb minerals. thin extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area. (increase mineral absorption)

Question 11

stems

Answer 11

consist of an alternating system of nodes.

Question 12

nodes

Answer 12

points at which leaves are attached

Question 13

internodes

Answer 13

stem segments between nodes

Question 14

apical bud (terminal bud)

Answer 14

in stem system. located near the shoot tip and causes elongation of a young shoot.

Question 15

axillary bud

Answer 15

in stem system. located in the upper angle formed by the leaf and the stem and has the potential to form a lateral branch, thorn, or flower. generally dormant

Question 16

leaf

Answer 16

main photosynthetic organ of most vascular plants. also does gas exchange, dissipation of heat, and defense.

Question 17

each plant organ has…

Answer 17

dermal, vascular, and ground tissue

Question 18

dermal tissue

Answer 18

outer protective covering.

Question 19

epidermis

Answer 19

dermal tissue in nonwoody plants

Question 20

cuticle

Answer 20

dermal layer in leaves and most stems. waxy coating that helps prevent water loss from the epidermis.

Question 21

periderm

Answer 21

dermal layer in woody plants

Question 22

vascular tissue

Answer 22

facilitates transport of materials through the plant and provides support

Question 23

xylem

Answer 23

type of vascular tissue that conducts water/dissolved minerals upward from roots into the shoots.

Question 24

phloem

Answer 24

type of vascular tissue that transports organic nutrients from where they are made to where they need to go

Question 25

stele

Answer 25

vascular tissue of a root or stem is collectively call this

Question 26

ground tissue system

Answer 26

tissues that are neither dermal or vascular. has cells for photosynthesis, short term transportation, and storage or support.

Question 27

pith

Answer 27

ground tissue internal to vascular tissue

Question 28

cortex

Answer 28

ground tissue external to the vascular tissue

Question 29

parenchyma cells

Answer 29

thin flexible primary wall. no secondary walls. large central vacuole. preform most metabolic functions. ration abilities to divide or differentiate.

Question 30

collenchyma cells

Answer 30

grouped in strands. help support young part of the plant shoot. have thicker or uneven primary cell walls. no secondary walls. provide flexible support without restraining growth.

Question 31

sclerenchyma cells

Answer 31

rigid due to thick secondary walls containing lignin. dead at functional maturity.

Question 32

lignin

Answer 32

strengthening polymer

Question 33

trancheids

Answer 33

form of xylem cells. thin cells with tapered ends that move water through pits.

Question 34

vessel elements

Answer 34

type of xylem cells. align end to end to form miscopipes call vessels.

Question 35

sieve tubes

Answer 35

type of phloem cell. created by chains of cells. lack organelles but each have a companion cell whose nucleous/ribozomes serve both cells

Question 36

intermediate growth

Answer 36

growth at any point in life. enabled by meristems.

Question 37

meristems

Answer 37

perpetually undifferentiated tissues

Question 38

apical meristems

Answer 38

located at tips of roots/shoots and are axillary buds of shoots. cause primary growth.

Question 39

primary growth

Answer 39

elongated roots/shoots

Question 40

lateral meristems

Answer 40

add thickness to woody plants (secondary growth)

Question 41

vascular cambium

Answer 41

adds layers of vascular tissue called secondary xylem (wood) and secondary phloem

Question 42

cork cambium

Answer 42

replaces the epidermis with periderm which is thicker and tougher

Question 43

primary root growth

Answer 43

occurs just behind root tip. produces epidermis, ground tissue, vascular tissue.

Question 44

what three zones do primary root growth occur in

Answer 44

zone of cell division zone of elongation zone of differential/maturation

Question 45

root cap

Answer 45

protects apical meristem as root pushes through soil

Question 46

cortex

Answer 46

filled with ground tissue. region between vascular tissue and epidermis

Question 47

endodermis

Answer 47

innermost layer of the cortex. regulates passage of substances from the soil into vascular cylinder (xylem/phloem)

Question 48

pericycle

Answer 48

lateral roots came out of this. outermost cell layer in vascular cylinder

Question 49

lead primordia

Answer 49

projects along the sides of the apical meristem

Question 50

apical dominance

Answer 50

inhibition from an active apical bud

Question 51

stomata

Answer 51

cuts off epidermis leaves. allows CO2/O2 exchange

Question 52

guard cells

Answer 52

regulates stomata pore (has two)

Question 53

mesophyll

Answer 53

ground tissue in leaf

Question 54

palisade mesophyll

Answer 54

upper part of leaf

Question 55

spongy mesophyll

Answer 55

lower part of leaf

Question 56

identifying features of angiosperms into monocots and endicot clades

Answer 56

-number of cotylendons (1 vs 2) -leaf venation (parallel vs net) -stem anatomy (bundles scattered or in ring) -root system (fibrous vs taproot) -pollen pores (1 vs 3) -flower parts (multiples of 3 vs 4-5)