Chapter 25- Reproductive System

Question 1

Scrotum

Answer 1

Skin and superficial fascia surrounding testes
Testes divided by septum
Positioned outside pelvic cavity to optimal sperm temperature

Question 2

Dartos muscle

Answer 2

Smooth muscle that contracts to raise the testes

Question 3

Cremaster muscle

Answer 3

Skeletal muscle that contracts to raise the testes

Question 4

Spermatic cord

Answer 4

Vessels exiting scrotum and entering pelvic cavity
Vas deferens, testicular artery, and pampiniform plexus (venous)

Question 5

Tunica vaginalis

Answer 5

Serous sac that surrounds testes
Extension of peritoneum

Question 6

Tunica albuginea

Answer 6

Fibrous capsule of the testes
Projection divide testes into 250-300 lobules with 1-4 seminiferous tubules each

Question 7

Seminiferous tubules

Answer 7

Site of sperm production
Separated by areolar connective tissue
Contain spermatogenic, columnar sustentacular, myoid, and interstitial cells

Question 8

Spermatogenic cells

Answer 8

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that divide to produce sperm

Question 9

Columnar sustentacular cells

Answer 9

Support cells that surround spermatogenic cells
Tight junctions form blood-testis barrier, keeping immune system out
Extend from basal lamina to lumen of seminiferous tubules

Question 10

Myoid cells

Answer 10

Surrounds seminiferous tubules and move sperm
Similar to muscle cells

Question 11

Interstitial (Leydig) cells

Answer 11

Secrete testosterone

Question 12

Stages of spermatogenesis

Answer 12

Stage 1- Stem cell divides into basal cells and spermatocytes
Stage 2- Meiosis
Stage 3- Spermatogenesis- Differentiate into spermatozoa
Process produces 4 viable sperm

Question 13

Epididymis

Answer 13

Coiled duct connecting testes to vas deferens
Site of sperm maturation and storage until ejaculation
Composed of pseudostratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia

Question 14

Sperm maturation

Answer 14

Gain ability to swim and fertilize egg
Occurs in the epididymis

Question 15

Vas (Ductus) Deferens

Answer 15

Passageway for sperm during ejaculation
Wraps around urinary bladder and joins seminal vesicle in prostate

Question 16

Seminal vesicles

Answer 16

Gland posterior to urinary bladder that joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct
Secretes 60% of semen volume:
Fructose for sperm nutrition
Other substances

Question 17

Functions of seminal fluid

Answer 17

Stimulate uterine contraction
Suppress immune responses
Enhance sperm motility
Clot and liquify semen

Question 18

Prostate gland

Answer 18

Gland that encircles prostatic urethra
Contains 20-30 tuboalveolar glands that secrete 25-30% of semen
Function to enhance sperm motility and semen clotting

Question 19

Bulbourethral glands

Answer 19

Small gland inferior to prostate
Secretes mucus into spongy urethra during arousal that cleanses, regulates pH, and lubricates urethra

Question 20

Path of sperm

Answer 20

Seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
Ductus deferens
Junction with seminal vesicles
Enters prostate
Ejaculatory duct
Junction with prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

Question 21

Female Reproductive System Functions

Answer 21

Produce gametes
Prepare for pregnancy to support embryo
Undergo changes based on menstrual cycle

Question 22

Ovaries

Answer 22

Almond-shaped organs that serve as site of follicle maturation and ovulation
Held in place by ligaments and mesenteries

Question 23

Ovarian Cycle

Answer 23

Follicular phase
Ovulation- Day 14
Luteal phase

Question 24

Follicular phase

Answer 24

Ovarian phase pre-ovulation
Oocyte undergoes meiosis and secretes hormones
Primary follicle contains oocyte and begin making estrogen
Oocyte divides, producing secondary follicle which produces estrogen and progesterone
Vesicular follicle develops with mature secondary oocyte

Question 25

Ovulation

Answer 25

Occurs on day 14 of ovarian and uterine cycles Secondary oocyte is released into peritoneal cavity and is swept into the uterine tube by fimbriae

Question 26

Luteal phase

Answer 26

Ovarian cycle post-ovulation Remaining follicle becomes corpus luteum which produces progesterone and some estrogen to control menstrual cycle Corpus luteum degenerates

Question 27

Oogenesis

Answer 27

Primary oocytes are made during fetal period and arrested until puberty Primary oocyte undergoes meiosis and becomes primary follicle Only produces one viable oocyte, only completes meiosis II if fertilized

Question 28

Uterine tubes

Answer 28

Connect ovaries and uterus End in fimbriae Fertilization occurs in lateral third of uterine tube

Question 29

Fimbriae

Answer 29

Fingerlike projections at the end of uterine tubes that guide oocyte into uterine tubes

Question 30

Uterus

Answer 30

Pear-shaped organs intermediate to bladder and rectum Ends inferior in cervix Layers- Myometrium (muscular layer) Basal endometrium- Long lasting blood vessels Functional endometrium- Highly vascular portion that builds and sheds during menstruation

Question 31

Uterine Cycle

Answer 31

Cycle of building and shedding endometrium that coordinates with ovarian cycle Directed by pituitary hormones FSH and LH

Question 32

Uterine cycle Phases

Answer 32

Menstrual phase- Days 1-5: Stratum functionalis is shed Proliferative phase- Days 6-14; Endometrial growth Day 14- Ovulation occurs Secretory phase- Days 15-28, endometrial growth continues

Question 33

Vagina

Answer 33

Entrance to female reproductive system Serves as the birth canal Intermediate to urethra and anus

Question 34

Mamillary glands

Answer 34

Breasts are modified sweat glands Composed of adipose tissue and glandular structures that secrete milk after childbirth Glandular structures are underdeveloped in non-pregnant people

Question 35

Events leading to fertilization

Answer 35

Sperm binds to zona pellucida on egg Acrosomal reaction Cortical reaction Fertilization

Question 36

Acrosomal reaction

Answer 36

Fusion of oocyte and sperm plasma membranes

Question 37

Cortical reaction

Answer 37

Enzymes secreted by oocyte prevent further sperm entry

Question 38

Fertilization

Answer 38

Fusion of gametes from sperm and egg

Question 39

Implantation

Answer 39

Occurs during days 7-16 after fertilization Performed by syncytiotrophoblast- Secretes substances to regulate pregnancy that suppress T lymphocytes and other hormones

Question 40

Placenta

Answer 40

Site of exchange between fetal and maternal blood Blood vessels come into close contact Chorionic villi layers form barriers to diffusion of harmful molecules

Question 41

Parturition

Answer 41

Childbirth Occurs 266 days after fertilization Labor events expel infant from uterus

Question 42

Phases of parturition

Answer 42

Dilation- expansion of the cervix Expulsion by contractions of uterine muscles Placental phase- Placenta detaches and is expelled

Question 43

Testicular cancer

Answer 43

Impacts 1/50000 males; common in young and old Arises from early-stage spermatogenic cells Highly treatable by testis removal

Question 44

Prostate cancer

Answer 44

Slow-growing from peripheral glands Risk factors include fatty diet and genetics

Question 45

Ovarian cancer

Answer 45

Arises from germinal epithelium Increased risk with increased number of ovulation

Question 46

Cervical cancers

Answer 46

Caused by HPV Slow growing from epithelium on the tip of cervix

Question 47

Breast cancers

Answer 47

Risk of long exposure to hormones Treated with surgical removal of cancerous tissue or other therapies May elect for hormone replacement

Question 48

Menstruation across the lifetime

Answer 48

Reproductive peak- Late 20s Follicle degeneration increases around 35, shortens reproductive cycles Age 46-54- Menopause

Question 49

Menopause

Answer 49

Ovulation and menstruation cease Ovaries stop secreting estrogen Reproductive organs and breasts begin to atrophy without hormones, reducing secondary sex characteristics