Chapter 9

Question 1

Functional Classification of Joints

Answer 1

Based on movement
Synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses

Question 2

Synarthroses

Answer 2

Immovable joints

Question 3

Amphiarthroses

Answer 3

Slightly movable joints

Question 4

Diarthroses

Answer 4

Freely movable joints

Question 5

Structural Classification of Joints

Answer 5

Based on binding material and presence of joint cavity

Question 6

Fibrous joints

Answer 6

Connected by fibrous connective tissue
No joint cavity
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses

Question 7

Sutures

Answer 7

Direct connections between joints
Ex- Skull

Question 8

Syndesmoses

Answer 8

Short ligament connections
Ex- Tibia and fibular joints

Question 9

Gomphoses

Answer 9

Peg-in-socket joints
Ex- Teeth

Question 10

Cartilaginous Joints

Answer 10

Connected by cartilage without joint capsule
Synchondroses and symphyses

Question 11

Synchondroses

Answer 11

Joined by hyaline cartilage
Ex- Epiphyseal plates; ribs and sternum

Question 12

Symphyses

Answer 12

Joined by fibrocartilage
Ex- Vertebra and pubic symphysis

Question 13

Synovial joints

Answer 13

Freely movable joints with joint cavity

Question 14

Structures in synovial joints

Answer 14

Articular cartilage
Joint cavity
Articular capsule
Synovial fluid
Reinforcing ligaments
Nerve and blood supply
Articular discs
Bursae and tendon sheaths

Question 15

Articular capsule

Answer 15

Surrounds joint and encloses cavity
Made of synovial membrane and fibrous capsule

Question 16

Synovial membrane

Answer 16

Loose connective tissue that forms deep layer of the articular capsule
Secretes synovial fluid

Question 17

Fibrous capsule

Answer 17

Dense irregular connective tissue that forms outer layer of articular capsule and strengthens the joint
Continuous with periosteum

Question 18

Three factors that influence joint stability

Answer 18

Articular surfaces
Ligaments
Muscle tone (major contributor)

Question 19

Abduction

Answer 19

Movement away from midline

Question 20

Adduction

Answer 20

Movement toward midline

Question 21

Dorsiflextion

Answer 21

Toes toward shin

Question 22

Plantar flexion

Answer 22

Toes toward heel

Question 23

Opposition

Answer 23

Move thumb across palm

Question 24

Types of synovial joints

Answer 24

Plane
Hinge
Pivot
Condyloid
Saddle
Ball-and-socket

Question 25

Plane joints

Answer 25

Flat articular surfaces that allow nonaxial gliding movements Examples- Intercarpal and intertarsal joints

Question 26

Hinge joints

Answer 26

Cylinder and trough connection that allow uniaxial angular movements Examples- Elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints

Question 27

Pivot Joints

Answer 27

Sleeve and axle connections that allow uniaxial rotational movement Examples- Proximal radioulnar joint; atlas and axis

Question 28

Condyloid Joints

Answer 28

Oval articular surfaces that allow biaxial movements Examples- Phalanges and metacarpals

Question 29

Saddle joints

Answer 29

Convex and concave portions on both articular surfaces that allow for biaxial movmenets Example- Thumb

Question 30

Ball-and-socket joints

Answer 30

Spherical head meeting round socket that allows for multiaxial movements Examples- Shoulder and hips