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Human Anatomy > Chapter 13- Central Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13- Central Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the neural tube develop into?

A

Brain ventricles and the aqueducts

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2
Q

Brain ventricles

A

Expansion of central cavity; gaps in the brain
4:
Lateral x2
Third- Within diencephalon
Fourth- Hindbrain

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3
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Tube between the 3rd and 4th Ventricle that runs through the midbrain

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4
Q

What is the interventricular foramen?

A

The connection between the lateral ventricles and the third ventricle

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5
Q

What are the median and lateral apertures?

A

Holes in the 4th ventricle that allows cerebrospinal fluid to escape and surround the brain

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6
Q

Path of Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

-Created in the choroid plexus of each ventricle
-Flows through the ventricles and central canal
-Escapes through the median and lateral apertures
-Flows through the subarachnoid space
-Enters arachnoid villi to dural venous sinus and reenters blood supply

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7
Q

Protections of the Brain

A

Skull
Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid
Blood-brain barrier

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8
Q

Blood-brain barrier

A

Impermeable capillaries within the brain that prevent most toxins from entering the brain
-Tight junctions
-Not absolute

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9
Q

Meningeal Functions and Layers

A

Cover and protect CNS and enclose blood vessels
Dura mater- External
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater- Internal

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10
Q

Dura Mater

A

External and strongest meningeal layer
Sub-layers:
-Periosteal layer- Lines skull
-Meningeal layer- lines and subdivides brain

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11
Q

Dural sinus

A

Created when the sub-layers of the dura mater separate
Returns cerebrospinal fluid to blood supply

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12
Q

Subdural space

A

Between dura mater and arachnoid mater
Usually absent
Site of brain hematomas

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13
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Middle meningeal layer
Contain arachnoid villi

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14
Q

Arachnoid villi

A

Projections through the dura mater into the dural sinus that allows CSF to pass into sinus

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15
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Between arachnoid mater and pia mater
Site of CSF and blood vessels that supply brain

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16
Q

Pia mater

A

Most internal meningeal layer
Clings to brain and follows all convolutions

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17
Q

Regions of the brain and their contents

A

Cerebrum- Cortex and basal ganglia
Diencephalon- Thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
Brain stem- Midbrain, pons, medulla
Cerebellum

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18
Q

How much of the brain’s mass is the cerebrum?

A

83%

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19
Q

Structural features of the brain

A

Fissures- Deep grooves that divide the brain
Sulci- Grooves on the cerebrum that divide lobes
Gyri- Ridges of brain matter

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20
Q

Major fissures

A

Longitudinal fissure- Divide hemispheres
Transverse fissure- Separate cerebrum and cerebellum

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21
Q

Major sulci

A

Central sulcus- Divide frontal and parietal lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus- Divide parietal and occipital lobes
Lateral sulcus- Separates temporal lobe from frontal and parietal

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22
Q

Primary Motor cortex

A

Located on pre-central gyrus
Contains pyramidal cells that control motor function

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23
Q

Pre-motor cortex

A

Anterior to pre-central gyrus
Controls complex movements and motor planning
Integrates with sensory feedback

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24
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

Located on post-central gyrus
Responsible for touch perception

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25
Association areas
Integrate sensory inputs with memories of past experiences
26
Somatosensory association area
Located posterior to post-central gyrus Integrates touch information
27
Topographical organization of primary motor and somatosensory cortex
Corresponding body areas can be mapped onto brain tissue Lower body areas are medial on brain Large amount of neurons devoted to hands and face
28
Basal Ganglia
Nucleus located deep in the cerebrum that receives cortical input to coordinate movements Starts, stops, and regulates movement intensity
29
Wernicke's Area
Located in temporal lobe Ties meaning with word
30
Broca's Area
Located in premotor cortex Plans motor speech production
31
Lateralization of function
Left brain- Written and spoken language, numbers, reasoning Right brain- Emotions, artistic and spacial skills Contralateral control of body
32
Types of Cerebral White Matter Tracts
Commissure Association Fibers Projection Fibers
33
Commissures
Connect Left and Right hemispheres Ex- Corpus callosum
34
Association Fibers
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
35
Projection Fibers
Run vertically to and from cortex Corona Radiata and Internal Capsule
36
Corona Radiata
Projection fiber Runs from the cortex to the thalamus
37
Internal Capsule
Projection Fiber Runs between thalamus and basal nuclei
38
Diencephalon structures and location
Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus Surround the third ventricle
39
Thalamus
80% of the diencephalon Relay station for incoming sensory input Organize, amplify, or tone down sensory signals
40
Hypothalamus
Lies between the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies Visceral control center Receives optic nerve input
41
Functions of the Hypothalamus
Control ANS Emotional response via limbic system Body temperature, hunger, thirst, behavior Sleep-wake cycle Endocrine system via pituitary gland Memory formation
42
Epithalamus
Forms roof of third ventricle Controlled by hypothalamus Contains pineal gland
43
Pineal gland
Secretes melatonin Controls sleep-wake cycle
44
How is the Sleep-Wake cycle regulated?
1) The optic nerve sends visual information to the hypothalamus 2) The hypothalamus sends signals to the epithalamus 3) The epithalamus exerts control on the pineal gland 4) The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which induces sleep
45
Midbrain
Surrounds cerebral aqueduct Cerebral peduncles Periaqueductal gray Corpora quadrigemina Substantia nigra Red nucleus
46
Cerebral Peduncles
Located in midbrain Connection from brain stem to thalamus Corticospinal tracts (motor control) runs through
47
Periaqueductal Gray
Gray matter surrounding the cerebral aqueduct in midbrain Responsible for fight-or-flight and visceral pain responses
48
Corpora quadrigemina
Superior and inferior colliculi Control visual and auditory reflexes
49
Superior colliculi
Control visual reflexes
50
Inferior colliculi
Control auditory reflexes
51
Substantia Nigra
Site in the midbrain that produces dopamine Linked with basal ganglia function
52
Red nucleus
Part of reticular formation function in the midbrain
53
Pons
Portion of brain stem that contains nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, and VII Trigeminal, abducens, and Facial nerves
54
Medulla Oblongata
Portion of brain stem that is continuous with the spinal cord Site of pyramidal decussation- Motor tracks cross over Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII-XII Reticular formation functions
55
Medulla Oblongata Visceral Functions
Cardiac control center Vasomotor center- Vasodilation and contriction Medullary respiration center Hiccupping, sneezing, swallowing, and coughing
56
Cerebellar Functions
Smooths and coordinates movements and maintains balance Receives sensory input and adjusts movements Ipsilateral control
57
Cerebellar Anatomy
2 hemispheres Folia- Ridges and Fissures- Grooves 3 Lobes: Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular Regions: Cortical gray matter Internal white matter Deep cerebellar nuclei
58
Cerebral Peduncles
Connect cerebellum to the brain stem Superior- Midbrain Middle- Pons Inferior- Medulla
59
Limbic System
Medial cerebral hemispheres and diencephalon Cingulate gyrus, hippocampus, and amygdala Emotional brain- Encodes, consolidates, and retrieves memories Shift between thoughts and encodes pain as negative
60
Reticular formation
Medulla, pons, and midbrain Brain arousal via Reticular Activating System
61
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Maintains consciousness and alertness Functions in sleep and arousal from sleep
62
Spinal cord
Extends from foramen magnum to L1/L2
63
Conus Medullaris
Inferior end of spinal cord
64
Filum Terminale
Connective tissue that connects spinal cord to coccyx
65
Cauda equina
Nerve roots at the base of the spinal cord
66
Denticulate ligaments
Anchor spinal cord to vertebrae
67
Spinal cord grooves
Posterior median sulcus (superficial) Anterior median fissure (deep)
68
Spinal gray matter arrangement
H-Shaped Gray commisure and horns Anterior Horn- Motor Neurons Lateral horn- Visceral motor Posterior horn- Interneurons Somatic- External Visceral- Internal
69
Spinal white matter
Ascending Fibers- Sensory Descending Fibers- Motor Commissural Fibers- Connections
70
Ascending Pathways
Dorsal column- Discriminative touch Spinothalamic- Pain and temperature Posterior and Anterior Spinocerebellar- Subconscious proprioception
71
Pyramidal (Corticospinal) Pathway
Controls skeletal muscle control -Pyramidal cells in pre-central gyrus -Corona radiata -Internal capsule -Cerebral peduncles -Pyramids of medulla -Decussation -Descending Corticospinal tract
72
Other Descending pathways
Tectospinal Vestibulospinal Rubrospinal Reticulospinal

Human Anatomy (23 decks)

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