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Human Anatomy > Chapter 23- Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 23- Digestive System Flashcards

(43 cards)

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1
Q

Functions of the Digestive System

A

Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical Digestion
Chemical Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

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2
Q

Peritoneum

A

Abdominal serous membrane
Visceral- Lines organs
Parietal- Lines cavity walls

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3
Q

Mesentery

A

Double layer of peritoneum
Functions-
Hold organs in place
Fat storage
Route for blood vessels and nerves

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4
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Those behind the peritoneum
Are not connected by a mesentery
Kidneys, pancreas, duodenum

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5
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

Digestive tube that runs though the body
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines

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6
Q

Accessory Digestive Organs

A

Assist in digestion
Teeth and tongue
Glands- Gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and pancreas

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7
Q

Layers of the Alimentary Canal

A

Internal-
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa
External

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

The innermost layer of the alimentary canal
Components-
Epithelium (absorption or secretion) and glands
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae (local movements)

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9
Q

Lamina propria

A

Connective tissue portion of mucosa
Contains capillary beds and MALT

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10
Q

Submucosa

A

2nd layer of the alimentary canal
Contains blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Has elastic fibers for stretching and collapsing

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11
Q

Muscularis Externa

A

Contains the muscular portion of the alimentary canal
Circular muscularis
Longitudinal muscularis

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12
Q

Circular muscularis

A

Sphincter-like muscle within the alimentary canal
Performs peristalsis and segmentation

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13
Q

Peristalsis

A

Muscular action that is the major means of propulsion
Adjacent rings of muscle relax and contract to push bolus

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14
Q

Segmentation

A

Rhythmic local muscle contractions of non-adjacent segments that mix food and digestive juices

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15
Q

Longitudinal muscularis

A

Muscle that runs the length of the alimentary canal
Contraction shortens the overall tube length

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16
Q

Serosa

A

Most external layer of the alimentary canal
Forms the visceral peritoneum

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17
Q

Nerve plexuses serving the alimentary canal

A

Myenteric nerve plexus- Muscularis externa
Submucosal nerve plexus- Serves muscularis mucosae and glands

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18
Q

Oral cavity

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A

Start of alimentary canal
Mucosa is stratified squamous
Muscle portion is made of orbicularis oris and buccinator

19
Q

Labial frenulum

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A

Connects lips to gums

20
Q

Palate

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A

Forms superior portion of the mouth

21
Q

Tongue

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A

Interlacing fascicles of muscles
Responsible for gripping and repositioning food, taste, and speech production

22
Q

Teeth

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A

Assist in tearing food and beginning of mechanical digestion
Deciduous teeth (20) appear at 6 months- 2 years
Permanent teeth (32) erupt by adolescence

23
Q

Salivary glands

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A

Tubuloalveoral glands that produce saliva
3 pairs-
Parotid (by ear)
Sublingual
Submandibular

24
Q

Functions of saliva

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A

Moisten mouth
Dissolve food for taste
Neutralize acid
Kill microorganisms
Begin starch digestion

25
Oropharynx and laryngopharynx
Passageway for air and food Mucosa made of stratified squamous Muscle layers are skeletal muscles- Superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
26
Esophagus
Muscular tube connecting pharynx to stomach; passes through diaphragm Mucosa- Stratified squamous with mucous glands for lubrication Muscularis Externa- Transitions from skeletal to smooth muscle 1/3 of way through Serosa- Called adventitia while in thoracic cavity
27
Stomach
Storage point of food Anatomical features- Fundus- Superior point Lesser curvature- Inside, connects to lesser omentum Greater curvature- Outside, connects to greater omentum Pyloric end- Distal end of stomach Pyloric sphincter- Closed end of stomach
28
Functions of the Stomach
Mechanical digestion- Churns food into chyme Start of protein digestion Absorption of water, fluids, and alcohol
29
Layers of the stomach
Muscularis externa- Additional oblique layer that assists in churning Mucosa- Simple cuboidal; gastric pits
30
Gastric pits
Pockets within stomach lining Gastric glands- Contain enteroendocrine cells that secrete gut hormones Chief cells secrete pepsinogen Lined with parietal cells- secrete HCl
31
Pepsin cycle
Chief cell- Secretes pepsinogen in gastric pit Pepsinogen travels out of gastric pit past parietal cell Parietal cell secretes HCL HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin Pepsin enters lumen of stomach and begins protein breakdown
32
Small intestine
Longest portion of the alimentary canal Duodenum- Receives digestive enzymes and bile Jejunum Ileum
33
Layers of the Small intestine
Mucosa- Villi- Projections of mucosa with simple columnar, capillary beds, and lymph vessels Microvilli- Cilia that increase surface area and secrete enzymes Submucosa- Transverse ridges form circular folds that slow food for increased digestion
34
Cells in the small intestine
Absorptive cells Goblet cells- Secrete mucus Enteroendocrine cells Intestinal crypts- Secrete intestinal juices
35
Large Intestine
Cecum- First portion; blind pouch for fecal storage Appendix- Offshoot that contains lymphoid tissue Colon Rectum- Descends along inferior septum Anal canal
36
Segments of the Colon
Ascending, Transverse, Descending, and Sigmoid Muscle tone creates pockets called haustrum
37
Functions of the Large Intestine
Small amounts of digestion Absorb water and electrolytes Mass peristaltic movement of feces
38
Layers of the Large Intestine
Mucosa- No villi Many goblet cells for lubrication Simple columnar epithelium Stratified squamous in anal canal
39
Liver
Largest gland in the body that performs many metabolic functions and produces bile
40
Liver Anatomy
4 lobes- Left, right, caudate (posterior) and quadrate Hepatic artery feed liver oxygenated blood Hepatic portal veins supply blood for filtration from small intestine Hepatic veins empty filtered blood to vena cava Hepatic ducts drain bile from liver to gallbladder
41
Bile Functions
Emulsifies fats for absorption by lymph ducts
42
Gallbladder
Stores and concentrates bile Connected to liver by cystic duct Connected to duodenum by common bile duct
43
Pancreas
Endocrine functions to regulate blood sugar with insulin and glucagon Exocrine functions: Acinar cells produce and store pancreatic enzymes Enzymes travel through pancreatic duct to duodenum and promote digestion

Human Anatomy (23 decks)

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