Chapter 2.5 The Nervous System

Question 1

_______ is the body’s major communication and control network in the form of
electrical signals, and relayed constantly from the sense organs to and from the brain, through
complex networks of neurons on a timescale measured in milliseconds (Carter, Aldridge, Page &
Parker, 2019).

Answer 1

Nervous System

Question 2

What are two main divisions of the nervous system?

Answer 2

Central nervous system (CNS), Peripheral nervous sytem (PNS)

Question 3

It consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is the coordinating system for the body.

Answer 3

Central nervous system (CNS)

Question 4

The _____ and the _____ together make up the CNS. These are encased and protected
by the skull and vertebral column respectively. It is the central organ of the CNS

Answer 4

brain and the spinal cord

Question 5

The brain has three major divisions: ___, ____, ____

Answer 5

hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain

Question 6

It is a brain major division that consists of the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum

Answer 6

Hindbrain

Question 7

_____ It controls vital functions such as the
heartbeat, circulation and respiration and acts as a relay station for afferent
and efferent impulses. Its destruction results in immediate death

Answer 7

Medulla, or medulla oblongata

Question 8

____ It controls the muscles of the right side of the body and the right hemisphere controls the left side. It acts as a relay station and involves in
reflexes controlling breathing. Damage to pons will lead to sleep
disturbances, sensory problems, arousal dysfunction and coma

Answer 8

Pons

Question 9

____ It is a large hindbrain structure known for the control of movement, balance and coordination, and complex processing of information, such as executive functions and emotional processing. Abnormal development
of cerebellum leads to of autism spectrum disorder, in which language, cognition, and social awareness are severely afflicted

Answer 9

Cerebellum

Question 10

It is a brain major division that consists of tectum and tegmentum

Answer 10

Midbrain

Question 11

______ the swellings on each side of the tectum which are the superior
colliculus and the inferior colliculus are important for sensory processing like
hearing (inferior colliculus) and vision (superior colliculus).

Answer 11

Tectum

Question 12

______ covers the substantia nigra, a dopamine-producer that facilitates readiness for movement and involved with rewardseeking behaviors. Degeneration of the substantia nigra occurs in Parkinson’s
disease, which is characterized by difficulties in initiating movement. The
ventral tegmental area (VTA) on the other hand is important in incentive
motivation (i.e., motivation to an appetitive stimulus, e.g., food, sex)

Answer 12

Tegmentum

Question 13

It is a brain major division that consists of two cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary
gland, limbic system, and basal ganglia

Answer 13

Forebrain

Question 14

_____ It processes most sensory input and sends output to the cerebral
cortex. Damage to the thalamus typically results in coma, and disturbances
in circuits linking the thalamus and cerebral cortex are involved in some
seizures

Answer 14

Thalamus

Question 15

_______ It conveys messages to the pituitary gland, altering its release
of hormones. directs the autonomic nervous system, the portion of the PNS
that controls our glands and organs. Damage to any hypothalamic nucleus
leads to abnormalities in motivated behaviors, such as feeding, drinking,
temperature regulation, sexual behavior, fight- ing, or activity level.

Answer 15

Hypothalamus

Question 16

______ It is a hormone-producing gland attached to the base of the
hypothalamus that synthesizes hormones that the blood carries to organs
through- out the body in response to messages from the hypothalamus.

Answer 16

Pituitary gland

Question 17

_______ It covers the caudate nucleus, the putamen, and the globus pallidus. Damage to the basal ganglia impairs movement, as in conditions such
as Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease, also responsible for learned
skills and habits.

Answer 17

Basal Ganglia

Question 18

______ It includes the hippocampus and amygdala which are involved in emotional and motivational processes, as well as learning and memory.

Answer 18

Limbic system

Question 19

______ The two cerebral hemispheres (also called lobes) are both divided into four major divisions: ____ , ____ , _____, _____

Answer 19

Cerebrum ; four major divisions: (a) frontal, (b) parietal, (c) occipital and (d)
temporal.

Question 20

The _____ is a long cylinder of nerve tissue that extends like a tail from the medulla.
* Serves as the pathway of information and protects us from injury through spinal reflexes
* Communicates with all the sense organs and muscles through its segmented structure.

Answer 20

spinal cord

Question 21

Spinal cord has gray matter (H shaped) in the center of the cord which densely packed with cell bodies
and dendrites and the axons to the brain or to other parts of the spinal cord through the _______, containing myelinated axons.

Answer 21

white matter

Question 22

It consists of peripheral nerves ang ganglia (spinal,
cranial, visceral nerves), the relaying system between brain and body.

Answer 22

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Question 23

PNS is further subdivided into two functional divisions: ______, _______

Answer 23

Somatic nervous system (SNS), Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 24

_______ It controls voluntary movement. It is a complex
network of nerves extending across the body, branching out from 12 pairs of cranial nerves originating in the brain and 31 pairs of spinal nerves emanating from the spinal cord.

Answer 24

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

Question 25

_____ It controls involuntary movement.

Answer 25

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Question 26

The
autonomic division can be split into: ____, ____

Answer 26

Sympathetic system (SANS), Parasympathetic system (PANS

Question 27

_____ that controls for ‘fight or flight’ responses

Answer 27

Sympathetic system (SANS)

Question 28

_____ that controls for ‘rest and digest’
responses.

Answer 28

Parasympathetic system (PANS