Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception

Question 1

-The detection of stimuli
-The registration of information.

Answer 1

*Sensation

Question 2

• Specialized cells that convert environmental energies into signals for the nervous system.
• Specialized cells that detects and responds to specific stimuli
  in the external or internal environment

Answer 2

• Receptors

Question 3

• The interpretation of that information.

Answer 3

*Perception

Question 4

Part of the electromagnetic
spectrum, the continuum of all
frequencies of radiated energy,
from gamma rays and X-rays
with very short wavelengths,
through ultraviolet, visible light,
and infrared, to radio and TV
transmissions with very long
wavelengths

_____ is visible only because our
receptors respond to
wavelengths from 400 to 700 nanometers (nm)

Answer 4

Light

Question 5

Parts of the eye an adjustable opening
that widens and narrows to
control the amount of light entering the eye.

Answer 5

Pupil

Question 6

Parts of the eye that the colored structure on the surface of the eye surrounding the pupil

Answer 6

Iris

Question 7

Parts of the eye that have a clear jellylike substance

Answer 7

Vitreous Humor

Question 8

Parts of the eye that have a layer of visual
receptors covering the
back surface of the eyeball

Answer 8

Retina

Question 9

Parts of the eye that is central area of the human retina

Answer 9

Fovea (FOE-vee-uh)

Question 10

It is a visual receptors that adapted for
perceiving color and detail in bright light

Answer 10

Cones

Question 11

It is a visual receptors that adapted for vision in dim light

Answer 11

Rods

Question 12

Parts of the eye that have a rigid
transparent structure on the surface of the eyeball

Answer 12

Cornea

Question 13

Parts of the eye that have a flexible structure that varies its thickness

Answer 13

Lens

Question 14

_____ you adjust its
focus for objects at
different distances.

Answer 14

Accommodation of the
Lens—

Question 15

This is a common disorders of vision that impaired ability to focus on nearby objects because of decreased flexibility of the lens.

Answer 15

Presbyopia

Question 16

This is a common disorders of vision nearsightedness– imapaired ability to focus on distant objects because of the shape of the eyeball

Answer 16

Myopia

Question 17

This is a common disorders of vision farsightedness– imapired ability to focus on close objects because of the shape of the eyeball

Answer 17

Hyperopia

Question 18

This is a common disorders of vision damage to the optic nerve, usually caused by increased pressure in the eyeball

Answer 18

Glaucoma

Question 19

A disorder in which the lens becomes cloudy

Answer 19

Cataract

Question 20

Gradual improvement in the ability to see in dim light

Answer 20

Dark Adaptation

Question 21

_____ means
three colors

Answer 21

Trichromatic or Trichromatic Theory
(Young-Helmholtz
theory)

Question 22

We perceive color in terms of paired opposites—red versus
green, yellow versus blue, and white versus black.

Answer 22

Opponent-Process
Theory

Question 23

_____ are the
experiences of one color after the removal of another.

Answer 23

Negative afterimages

Question 24

-Brightness Contrast is the increase or decrease in an
object’s apparent brightness by comparison to objects
around it.

-Color perception also
depends on contrast.

Answer 24

The Retinex Theory

Question 25

-The cause is a recessive gene on the X chromosome. -Red-green color deficiency is the most common form of the disorder

Answer 25

Color Vision Deficiency (Color Blindness)

Question 26

____ are vibrations of the air, water, or other medium.

Answer 26

Sound waves

Question 27

The _____ of a sound wave is the number of cycles (vibrations) per second, designated hertz (Hz).

Answer 27

frequency

Question 28

______ is a perception closely related to frequency. We perceive a high-frequency sound wave as high pitched and a low-frequency sound as low pitched.

Answer 28

Pitch

Question 29

_______ is a perception of the intensity of sound waves. * The greater the amplitude of a sound, the louder it sounds

Answer 29

Loudness

Question 30

______ refers to tone complexity

Answer 30

Timbre (TAM-ber)

Question 31

The fluid-filled canals of the snail-shaped organ which contains the receptors for hearing

Answer 31

*Cochlea

Question 32

When sound waves strike the _____, they cause it to vibrate. The eardrum connects to three tiny bones the ____, ____, and ____

Answer 32

eardrum *hammer *anvil *stirrup

Question 33

The _____ in turn transmits the vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea, where the vibrations displace hair cells along the basilar membrane in the cochlea.

Answer 33

stirrup

Question 34

-Results when the bones connected to the eardrum fail to transmit sound waves properly to the cochlea. * Surgery can correct conduction deafness by removing whatever is obstructing the bones’ movement

Answer 34

Conduction Deafness

Question 35

* Resulting from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory nerve. * Disease, heredity, and exposure to loud noises are common causes of nerve deafness.

Answer 35

Nerve Deafness

Question 36

At low frequencies (up to about 100 Hz), a sound wave through the fluid of the cochlea vibrates all the hair cells, which produce action potentials in synchrony with the sound waves

Answer 36

Frequency Principle

Question 37

Each sound wave excites at least a few hair cells, and “volleys” (groups) of them respond to each vibration with an action potential

Answer 37

Volley Principle

Question 38

The highest frequency sounds vibrate hair cells near the stirrup end, and lower frequency sounds (down to about 100 to 200 Hz) vibrate hair cells at points farther along the membrane

Answer 38

The Place Principle

Question 39

_____ detects the tilt and acceleration of the head, and the orientation of the head with respect to gravity.

Answer 39

Vestibular Sense

Question 40

Key role in posture and balance; motion sickness; eyes fixation. Also consists of three semicircular canals

Answer 40

* Semicircular Canals * Otolith organs * Otoliths

Question 41

* The skin senses. * They are also known as the somatosensory system, meaning body-sensory system * Consists of several partly independent senses: pressure on the skin, warmth, cold, pain, itch, vibration, movement across the skin, and stretch of the skin

Answer 41

Cutaneous Senses

Question 42

The experience of____ is a mixture of body sensation and emotional reaction, which depend on different brain areas.

Answer 42

Pain

Question 43

The idea that pain messages must pass through a gate, presumably in the spinal cord, that can block the messages.

Answer 43

The Gate Theory of Pain

Question 44

______ are neurotransmitters that weaken pain sensations

Answer 44

Endorphins

Question 45

______ stimulates receptors that respond to painful heat.

Answer 45

Capsaicin

Question 46

_______ is the continuing sensations, including pain, in a limb long after it has been amputated.

Answer 46

Phantom Limbs

Question 47

The sense of taste, which detects chemicals on the tongue, serves just one function: It governs ____ and ____.

Answer 47

eating and drinking.

Question 48

The taste receptors are in the _____, located in the folds on the surface of the tongue, mainly along the edge of the tongue in adults.

Answer 48

taste buds

Question 49

The sense of smell is known as ____

Answer 49

olfaction

Question 50

Perceiving minimal stimuli that the intensity at which a given individual detects a stimulus 50 percent of the time.

Answer 50

Absolute Threshold

Question 51

Perceiving minimal stimuli that the smallest difference that people could detect between one stimulus.

Answer 51

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

Question 52

Perceiving minimal stimuli the study of people’s tendencies to make hits, correct rejections, misses, and false alarms.

Answer 52

Signal-Detection Theory

Question 53

Perceiving minimal stimuli the phenomenon that a stimulus can influence behavior even when it is presented so faintly or briefly that the observer has no conscious perception of it.

Answer 53

* Subliminal Perception

Question 54

* A field that emphasizes perception of overall patterns. * Your ability to perceive something in more than one way

Answer 54

* Gestalt Psychology

Question 55

* Feature detectors represent a ______ * In which tiny elements combine to produce larger items.

Answer 55

bottom-up process

Question 56

* Perception also includes a _____ * In which you apply your experience and expectations to interpret each item in context.

Answer 56

top-down process

Question 57

This is a gestalt psychology ____ is the tendency to perceive objects that are close together as belonging to a group.

Answer 57

Proximity

Question 58

This is a gestalt psychology ____ is the tendency to perceive similar as being a group is

Answer 58

Similarity

Question 59

This is a gestalt psychology ___ is a filling in of the gaps

Answer 59

Continuation

Question 60

This is a gestalt psychology ___ of the figure; that is, we imagine the rest of the figure

Answer 60

Closure

Question 61

* We perceive objects as part of the same group if they change or move in similar ways at the same time.

Answer 61

Common Fate

Question 62

* A simple, familiar, symmetrical figure.

Answer 62

* Good Figure

Question 63

* Our tendency to perceive objects as keeping their shape, size, and color, despite distortions in the actual pattern reaching the retina.

Answer 63

* Visual Constancy

Question 64

This is a perception of depth * Is incorrectly perceive the object as moving, a phenomenon.

Answer 64

* Induced Movement

Question 65

This is a perception of depth * An illusion of movement created by a rapid succession of Stationary images.

Answer 65

* Stroboscopic Movement

Question 66

This is a perception of depth * The perception of distance, enables us to experience the world in three dimensions.

Answer 66

Depth perception

Question 67

This is a perception of depth * The difference in the apparent position of an object as seen by the left and right retinas

Answer 67

Retinal Disparity

Question 68

This is a perception of depth * The degree to which they turn in to focus on a close object

Answer 68

Convergence of the Eyes

Question 69

This is a perception of depth ______ cues because they depend on both eyes.

Answer 69

Binocular

Question 70

This is a perception of depth _____ enable you to judge depth and distance with just one eye or when both eyes see the same image, as when you look at a picture,

Answer 70

Monocular cues

Question 71

* A misinterpretation of a visual stimulus.

Answer 71

Optical Illusion

Question 72

* Suggests that the moon at the horizon appears about 30 percent larger than it appears when it is higher in the sky

Answer 72

The Moon Illusion