Chapter 5 Theories of Human Development Flashcards by Carl Senny Lee Rizaldo

_____ seeks to
understand how nature
and nurture combine to
produce human behavior
from womb to tomb.

Developmental Psychology

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Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)

 An organized way of interacting
with objects

Schema

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Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)

 Applying an old schema to new
objects or problems

Assimilation

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Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)

 Modifying an old schema to fit a
new object or problem.

Accommodation

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Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)

 The establishment of harmony or
balance between the two.

Equilibration

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What are the 4 Stage of Cognitive Development
(Jean Piaget)

1.Sensorimotor
Stage(birth to almost
2 years)

Preoperational
Stage (before 2 to 7
years)
Concrete
Operational
Stage (about 7 to 11
years)
Formal
operations
stage (about 11
years onward)

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Cognitive Development:
________ Stage

 Behavior is mostly simple motor
responses to sensory stimuli
 For example, the grasp reflex and
the sucking reflex.
 Infants respond only to what they
see and hear at the moment.
 Children during this period fail to
respond to objects they remember
seeing even a few seconds ago.

Sensorimotor Stage

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Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor Stage

 the idea that objects continue to exist
even when we do not see or hear
them.

Object Permanence

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Cognitive Development:
Sensorimotor Stage

 Infants show sign of self-recognition at
varying ages; the age when they first
show self-recognition is about the
same as when they begin to act
embarrassed (M. Lewis, Sullivan,
Stanger, & Weiss, 1991).

Self-Concept

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Cognitive Development:
_________ Stage

 A child lacks operations, which are reversible
mental processes.
 By age 11⁄2 to 2, children begin speaking.
 A child now understands object
permanence.
 Three (3) typical aspects of preoperational
thought.
 Egocentrism
 Difficulty distinguishing appearance from
reality
 Lack of the concept of conversation

Preoperational Stage

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Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage

 A child sees the world as centered
around himself or herself and cannot
easily take another person’s perspective.

Egocentrism

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Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage

 An understanding that other people have
a mind, too, and that each person knows
some things that other people don’t know

Theory of Mind

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Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage

 The knowledge that the appearance of
an object does not necessarily
correspond to its reality.

Difficulty Distinguishing
Appearance from Reality

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Cognitive Development:
Preoperational Stage

 Children fail to understand that objects
conserve such properties as number,
length, volume, area, and mass after
changes in the shape or arrangement of
the objects.

Concept of Conservation

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Cognitive Development:
_____________ Stage

 Children perform mental operations
on concrete objects but still have
trouble with abstract or hypothetical
ideas.
 Children reason about concrete
problems but not abstractions.

Concrete Operational Stage

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Cognitive Development:
_________ Stage

 Children reach this stage at about age 11.
 Adolescents develop logical, deductive reasoning and systematic
planning.
 Later researchers found that many
people reach this stage later or not at all.

Formal Operational Stage

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Achievements & Activities:
-Reacts to sensory stimuli through reflexes and others responses

Limitations:
-Little use of language, seems not to understand object permanence in the early part of this stage

Sensorimotor (birth to 1 1/2 years)

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Achievements & Activities:
- Develops language can represent objects mentally by words and other symbols can respond to objects that are remembered but not present.

Limitations:
Lacks operations (reversible mental processes) lacks concept of conservation, focuses on one property at a time (such as width and length, trouble distinguishing appearance from reality

Preoperational ( 1 1/2 to 7 years)

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Achievements & Activities:
- Understands conservation of mass, number, volume can reason logically with regard to concrete object

Limitations:
- trouble reasoning about concepts and hypothetical situations

Concrete operations (7 to 11 years)

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Achievements & Activities:
-Can reason logically about abstract and hypothetical concepts, develops, strategies, plans actions in advance

Limitations:
-none beyond the occasional irrationalities of all human thought

Formal operations (11 yrs old onward)

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Psychosocial Development

 ______ he divided the human life span into eight periods that he called ages or stages.
 At each stage, he said, people have
specific tasks to master, and each
stage generates its own social and
emotional conflicts.
 According to Erikson, failure to master
the task of any stage leaves unfortunate consequences that carry over to later stages.

Erik Erikson

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What are the 8 Psychosocial Development
(Erik Erikson)

Trust vs.
Mistrust (birth to 18
months)
Autonomy vs.
Shame & Doubt
(18 months to 3
years)
Initiative vs.
Guilt (3 years to 5
years)
Industry vs.
Inferiority (5 years to 12
years)
Identity vs.
Role Confusion
(12 years to 18
years)
Intimacy vs.
Isolation
(18 years to 40
years)
Generativity
vs. Stagnation
(40 years to 65
years)
Ego Integrity
vs. Despair
(65 years to
death)

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Psychosocial Development:
_____________

 This stage begins at birth continues to
approximately 18 months of age.
 During this stage, the infant is uncertain
about the world in which they live, and
looks towards their primary caregiver for
stability and consistency of care.
 Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of hope.
 Failing to acquire the virtue of hope will
lead to the development of fear.

Trust vs. Mistrust

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Psychosocial Development:
_____________

 This stage occurs between the ages of 18
months to approximately 3 years.
 According to Erikson, children at this stage
are focused on developing a sense of
personal control over physical skills and a
sense of independence.
 Success in this stage will lead to the virtue
of will.
 If children are criticized, overly controlled,
they begin to feel inadequate in their
ability to survive

Study These Flashcards

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Psychosocial Development: _____________  Children assert themselves more frequently through directing play and other social interaction.  During this period the primary feature involves the child regularly interacting with other children at school. Central to this stage is play, as it provides children with the opportunity to explore their interpersonal skills through initiating activities.  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of purpose, while failure results in a sense of guilt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Psychosocial Development: _____________  Occurs during childhood between the ages of five and twelve.  The child now feels the need to win approval by demonstrating specific competencies that are valued by society and begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments.  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of competence. If the child cannot develop the specific skill they feel society is then they may develop a sense of Inferiority

Industry vs. Inferiority

Psychosocial Development: _____________  It occurs during adolescence, from about 12-18 years.  During this stage, adolescents search for a sense of self and personal identity, through an intense exploration of personal values, beliefs, and goals.  Children are becoming more independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing, etc. The individual wants to belong to a society and fit in

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Psychosocial Development: _____________  This stage takes place during young adulthood between the ages of approximately 18 to 40 yrs.  During this stage, the major conflict centers on forming intimate, loving relationships with other people.  Avoiding intimacy, fearing commitment and relationships can lead to isolation, loneliness, and sometimes depression. Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of love.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Psychosocial Development: _____________  This stage takes place during during middle adulthood (ages 40 to 65 yrs).  We give back to society through raising our children, being productive at work, and becoming involved in community activities and organizations.  Success leads to feelings of usefulness and accomplishment, while failure results in shallow involvement in the world.  By failing to find a way to contribute, we become stagnant and feel unproductive

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Psychosocial Development: ___________  This stage begins at approximately age 65 and ends at death.  Success in this stage will lead to the virtue of wisdom. Wisdom enables a person to look back on their life with a sense of closure and completeness, and also accept death without fear.  Late life is characterized by both integrity and despair as alternating states that need to be balanced

Ego Integrity vs. Despair

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Basic trust versus mistrust Typical Question: Is my social world predictable and supportive?

Infant

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Autonomy vs shame and doubt Typical Question: Can I do things by myself or must I always rely on others?

Toddler (ages 1-3)

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Initiative vs guilt Typical Question: Am I good or bad?

Preschool (ages 3-6)

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Industry vs inferiority Typical Question: Am i successful or worthless?

Preadolescent (ages 6-12)

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Identity vs. role confusion Typical Question: Who am I?

Adolescent (early teens)

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Intimacy vs isolation Typical Question: Shall I share my life with another person or live alone?

Young adult (late teens and early 20s)

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Genetativity vs stagnation Typical Question: Will I succeed in my life, both as a parent and as well as a worker?

Middle adult (late 20s to retirement)

WHAT STAGE OF ERKSON'S HUMAN DEVELOPMENT? Main conflict: Ego integrity vs despair Typical Question: Have I lived a full or have I failed?

Older adult (after retirement)

Moral Development  He broken down into 3 levels with 2 stages per level  ______ he believed not everyone progresses to the highest stages of moral development

Lawrence Kohlberg

Moral Development ___________  Earliest period of moral development  Children's decisions are primarily shaped by the expectations of adults and the consequences for breaking the rules

Preconventional Morality

What stage of Preconventional Morality?  People at this stage see rules as fixed and absolute  Obeying the rules is important because it is a way to avoid punishment.

 Stage 1 (Obedience and Punishment)

What stage of Preconventional Morality?  Children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs

 Stage 2 (Individualism and Exchange)

Moral Development ______________________  Marked by the acceptance of social rules regarding what is good and moral  Adolescents and adults internalize the moral standards they have learned from their role models and from society

Conventional Morality

What stage of Conventional Morality?  "good boy-good girl" orientation  living up to social expectations and roles

 Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships)

 Stage 3 (Developing Good Interpersonal Relationships)  focused on ensuring that social order is maintained

 Stage 4 (Maintaining Social Order)

Moral Development ______________________  People develop an understanding of abstract principles of morality

Postconventional Morality

What stage of Postconventional Morality?  People at this stage account for the differing values, opinions, and beliefs of other people  Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards

 Stage 5 (Social Contract and Individual Rights)

What stage of Postconventional Morality?  Based on universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning  People follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules

Stage 6 (Universal Principles)

Psychosexual Development  _________ he emphasized the first 4 to 5 years of life as the most crucial for personality development, which he called the infantile stage

Sigmund Freud

What are the 6 Psychosexual Development (Sigmund Freud)

Oral Phase Anal Phase Phallic Phase Latency Period Genital Period Maturity

Psychosexual Development: Sigmund Freud __________ (phase)  Birth to approximately 1 year old  During this time, the major source of pleasure and potential conflict is the mouth.  Infants gain pleasure through the act of sucking

Infantile Period (Oral Phase)

Psychosexual Development: Sigmund Freud __________ (phase) Expected to occur in the second year of life  Major source of pleasure and potential conflict is activities involving the anus  This period is characterized by satisfaction gained through aggressive behavior and through the excretory function  Anal Character; Anal Triad

Infantile Period (Anal Phase)

Psychosexual Development: Sigmund Freud __________ (phase)  At approximately 3 or 4 years of age  The characteristics of this stage are pleasurable and conflicting feelings associated with the genital organs.  During the phallic stage, masturbation is nearly universal, but because parents generally suppress these activities, children usually repress their conscious desire to masturbate by the time their phallic period comes to an end

Infantile Period (Phallic Phase)

Psychosexual Development: Infantile Period (Phallic Phase) ___________  An infant boy forms an identification with his father; that is, he wants to be his father and develops a sexual desire for his mother; that is, he wants to have his mother

Male Oedipus Complex

Psychosexual Development: Infantile Period (Phallic Phase) _________ the fear of losing one’s penis

Castration Anxiety

Psychosexual Development: Infantile Period (Phallic Phase) _________ Penis Envy is the girls’ desire to have a penis, which lasts for years and is often expressed as a wish to be a boy or a desire to have a man  The desire for sexual intercourse with the father and accompanying feelings of hostility for the mother are known as the simple female Oedipus complex

Female Oedipus Complex

Psychosexual Development: Sigmund Freud __________ (period)  4 th or 5th year until puberty - both boys and girls usually, but not always, go through a period of dormant psychosexual development  Brought about partly by parents’ attempts to punish or discourage sexual activity in their young children  Sexual impulses are channeled into sports, intellectual interests, and peer relations

Latency Period

Psychosexual Development: Sigmund Freud __________ (period)  Emerges at adolescence when the genital organs mature  Adolescents direct their sexual energy toward another person  Reproduction is now possible  For girls, the vagina finally obtains the same status for them that they had for the penis during infancy  Boys now see the female organ as a sought-after object  Entire sexual drive takes on a more complete organization

Genital Period

Psychosexual Development: _____________  Attained after a person has passed through the earlier developmental periods in an ideal manner  Psychoanalytically mature individuals satisfy their needs in socially approved ways  The mature person is able to love in a sexually approved way and also to work productively in society.

Maturity

Chapter 5 Theories of Human Development Flashcards

(59 cards)