Chapter 4 Stages of Human Development

Question 1

Refers to the physiological, behavioural, cognitive, and social changes that occur throughout human
life, which are guided by both genetic predispositions (nature) and by environmental influences (nurture).

Answer 1

Development

Question 2

• Studies human growth and changes across the lifespan, including physical, cognitive, social, intellectual, perceptual, personality and emotional growth.
• The study of _____ is
  essential to understanding how humans learn, mature and adapt.

Answer 2

Developmental Psychology

Question 3

• Refers to a time in a person’s life that is characterized by certain features.

Answer 3

Developmental Period

Question 4

PERIODS IN THE LIFE SPAN

Answer 4

■ Prenatal Period : Conception to Birth
■ Infancy and Toddlerhood :18-24 months
■ Early Childhood : 3 to 5 years
■ Middle and Late Childhood : 6 to 10- 11 years
■ Adolescence : 10 -12 to 18-21 years
■ Early Adulthood : 20s and 30s
■ Middle Adulthood : 40s and 50s
■ Late Adulthood : 60s and 70s to death

Question 5

Processes of Development

_______ changes in physical nature (in height and weight)

Answer 5

Biological

Question 6

Processes of Development

_______ changes in individual’s thoughts,
intelligence and language (individual think and learn)

Answer 6

Cognitive

Question 7

Processes of Development

________ involves changes in
relationship with other people, changes in
emotion, and personality.

Answer 7

Socioemotional

Question 8

What are 3 processes of Development

Answer 8

Biological
Cognitive Socioemotional

Question 9

The extent to which
development is influenced
by the individual’s
biological inheritance ______ and ______

Answer 9

Nature and Nurture

Question 10

Nature vs Nurture Controversy

_____ he suggested that newborn as a blank slate, or tabula rasa.

Answer 10

John Locke

Question 11

Nature vs Nurture Controversy

______ he suggested that children are capable of discovering how the world operates and how they should behave without instruction from adults.)

Answer 11

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 12

Nature vs Nurture Controversy

______ He suggested that children will go through the same stages of development, in the same sequence
but each child will go through the stages at their own rate.

Answer 12

Arnold Gesell

Question 13

Nature vs Nurture Controversy

_____ he suggested that environment, not nature, molds and shapes development.

Answer 13

John B. Watson

Question 14

Nature vs Nurture Controversy

_____ he suggested that nature and nurture work together and that their influences are
inseparable and interactive

He also believe that nature and nurture interaction can best explain the process of development.

Answer 14

Jean Piaget

Question 15

The development reflects an ongoing bidirectional
interchange between heredity and environment.

Heredity–Environment

Answer 15

Epigenetic View

Question 16

Developmental Theories

Answer 16

• Erik Erikson Psychosocial Stages
• Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages
• Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Stages
• Lawrence Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Reasoning

Question 17

Like all other individuals
Partly like other individuals
Like no other individuals

Answer 17

Development

Question 18

“The history of man for the nine months preceding his
birth would, probably, be far more interesting, and
contain events of greater moment, than all three
scores and ten years that follow it”

Answer 18

S. Coledrige

Question 19

■ The period of development from conception
to birth.
■ Takes between 266 days to 280 days ( 38 to
40 weeks)
■ Tremendous growth happens from single cell
to a complete organism with brain and
behavioral capabilities.

Answer 19

Prenatal Development

Question 20

What are 3 periods of prenatal development

Answer 20

Germinal, Embryonic and Fetal

Question 21

What type of period of prenatal development?

■ First two weeks after
conception
■ Zygote is created
■ Cell division takes place
■ Zygote is attached to the uterine wall (
implantation)

Answer 21

Germinal Period (2 weeks post-conception)

Question 22

What type of period of prenatal development?

Critical period
■ Two to eight weeks after conception
■ Cell differentiation intensifies
■ Support systems for the cells form
■ Organs appear
■ A critical period
■ Teratogens- agents that cause birth
defects or alter cognitive and
behavioral outcomes

Answer 22

Embryonic Period
(2 weeks post conception)

Question 23

What type of period of prenatal development?

■ Two months after conception and birth
■ Occupies the end of the first
trimester as well as the second and third trimester
■ Is called “fetus”
■ Marks more important
changes in the brain
■ Period of amazing changes and growth

Answer 23

Fetal (2 months post-conception to birth)

Question 24

■ From the greek word “ tera” which means “monster”
■ Studied through teratology investigates the causes of birth
defects

Answer 24

TERATOGENS

Question 25

■ Prescription and nonprescription drugs
■ Psychoactive Drugs
■ Incompatible blood type
■ Environmental Hazards
■ Maternal Diseases
■ Other parental factors
■ Maternal age
■ Emotional States and Stress Paternal factors

Answer 25

KEY TERATOGENS

Question 26

■ 18 to 24 months
■ Time of extreme dependence upon adults
■ Brain development is remarkable along with the physical and
language development
■ Manner of sleeping, feeding, toilet training and vaccinations
are significant concerns.

Answer 26

INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD

Question 27

INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD

■ Growth follows a pattern :

Infant can use first their hands before their legs or has bigger
heads and smaller bodies pattern, and growth starts from the head down.

______ the sequence in which the earliest
growth occurs at the top to bottom

Answer 27

Cephalocaudal Pattern

Question 28

INFANCY AND TODDLERHOOD

■ Growth follows a pattern :

Growth starts
at the center of the body toward the extremities. For example, an infant can
move first his arms effectively before they can grasp using their fingers.

________ the sequence in which the growth starts at the center of the body and moves towards extremities

Answer 28

Proximodistal Pattern

Question 29

■ Early childhood is also called as the preschool age.
■ 3 to 5 years
■ Children are more sufficient to care for
themselves, develop school readiness skills
■ Play with peers
■ Slower growth rate than infancy
■ Gross and fine motor skills are improved

Answer 29

EARLY CHILDHOOD

Question 30

■ 6 to 10 or 11 years old
■ Slow, consistent physical growth.
■ Elementary years
■ Muster fundamental skills such as reading,
writing and arithmetic.
■ Self-control increases, achievement becomes a
central theme
■ Exposure to larger world and culture

Answer 30

MIDDLE AND LATE CHILDHOOD

Question 31

■ 10-12 to 18-21 years old
■ Period of transition
■ Puberty -rapid physical
changes
■ Identity formation

Answer 31

ADOLESCENCE

Question 32

■ 20s and 30s
■ Transition Period from Adolescence to Adulthood
■ Establishing personal and economic independence
■ Career
■ Selecting a mate
■ Starting a family
■ Rearing children

Answer 32

EARLY ADULTHOOD

Question 33

■ 40s and 50s
■ Expanding personal and social involvement
and responsibility
■ Assisting the next generation in becoming
competent, mature individuals and of reaching
and maintaining satisfaction in career.

Answer 33

MIDDLE ADULTHOOD

Question 34

■ 60s to 70s to death
■ Diminishing strength and health
■ A time of retirement and life review
■ Longest span of any period of
development

Answer 34

LATE ADULTHOOD