Chapter 27 The Fetal Heart And Chest

Question 1

A coexisting pericardial effusion and a pleural effusion is consistent with the diagnosis of:

Answer 1

Fetal hydrops

Question 2

The fetal heart is fully formed by:

Answer 2

10 weeks

Question 3

The chamber closest to the fetal spine is the _______

Answer 3

Left atrium

Question 4

The blood returning from the lungs through the pulmonary veins enters into the:

Answer 4

Left atrium

Question 5

What structure shunts blood into the IVC from the umbilical vein?

Answer 5

Ductus venosus

Question 6

What is the normal opening in the lower middle third of the atrial septum?

Answer 6

Foramen ovale

Question 7

______is considered to be the most common cardiac defect

Answer 7

VSD

Question 8

Fetal lung maturity can be assessed using the:

Answer 8

LS ratio

Question 9

The mitral valve is located:

Answer 9

Between the left ventricle and the left atrium

Question 10

The sonographic “bat wing” sign means:

Answer 10

Pleural effusion

Question 11

The visualization of the fetal stomach within the fetal chest is most indicative of:

Answer 11

Diaphragmatic hernia

Question 12

Eventration of the diaphragm is best described as:

Answer 12

A lack of muscle in the dome of the diaphragm

Question 13

Tetralogy of Fallot consists of :

Answer 13

*Overriding aortic root
*VSD
*Pulmonary stenosis

Question 14

The embryonic heart begins as:

Answer 14

Two tubes

Question 15

The most common sonographic appearance of pulmonary sequestration is:

Answer 15

Triangular, echogenic (bright) mass within the chest

Question 16

The tricuspid valve is located:

Answer 16

Between the right ventricle and the right atrium

Question 17

A separate mass of nonfunctioning fetal lung tissue is referred to as:

Answer 17

Pulmonary sequestration

Question 18

The most common cause of cardiac malposition is:

Answer 18

Diaphragmatic hernia

Question 19

The moderator band is located within the:

Answer 19

Right ventricle

Question 20

The most common form of diaphragmatic hernia is the:

Answer 20

Foramen of Bochdalek

Question 21

The condition in which the heart is located outside the chest wall is termed:

Answer 21

Ectopic cordis

Question 22

The normal heart will fill approximately ______ of the fetal chest

Answer 22

One-third

Question 23

The accumulation of fluid around the lungs is termed:

Answer 23

Pleural effusion

Question 24

What is the fetal shunt that connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch?

Answer 24

Ductus Arteriosis

Question 25

Sonographic features of pentalogy of cantrell:

Answer 25

*Omphalocele *Cleft Sternum *Diaphragmatic defect

Question 26

The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the:

Answer 26

Rhabdomyoma

Question 27

An EIF would most likely be associated with:

Answer 27

Trisomy 21

Question 28

What is the term for underdevelopment of the lungs?

Answer 28

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 29

An EIF is most often seen within the:

Answer 29

Left ventricle

Question 30

The narrowing of the aortic arch is indicative of:

Answer 30

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 31

What is an opening within the septum that separates the right and the left ventricles?

Answer 31

VSD

Question 32

Sonographic signs of Ebstein anomaly

Answer 32

Narrowing of the aortic arch

Question 33

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or an absent right ventricle is:

Answer 33

Hypoplastic right heart syndrome

Question 34

A group of anomalies characterized by a small or absent left ventricle is:

Answer 34

Turner syndrome

Question 35

What is the opening located right anteromedially within the diaphragm?

Answer 35

Foramen of Morgagni

Question 36

The absence of the pulmonary valve, which in turn prohibits blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery and into the lungs?

Answer 36

Pulmonary atresia

Question 37

With Ebstein anomaly the right ventricle is contiguous with the right atrium a finding referred to as:

Answer 37

"Atrialized" right ventricle

Question 38

Malformation or mispositioning of the tricuspid valve results in:

Answer 38

Ebstein anomaly

Question 39

The umbilical vein travels superiorly and connects to the:

Answer 39

Left portal vein

Question 40

The vein entering the umbilicus brings:

Answer 40

Oxygen-rich blood from the placenta to the fetus

Question 41

The normal umbilical cord contains _______arteries and _______vein

Answer 41

*Two *One

Question 42

Left ventricular outflow tract leads to the:

Answer 42

Aorta

Question 43

The right ventricular outflow tract leads to the:

Answer 43

Pulmonary artery and branches

Question 44

The central portion of the heart is referred to as the:

Answer 44

Endocardial cushion

Question 45

The combination of both atrial and VSDs is termed:

Answer 45

Atrioventricular defect

Question 46

_______is an abnormal opening in the septum between the two atria of the heart

Answer 46

Atrial septal defects (ASD)

Question 47

_______is the narrowing of the aortic arch

Answer 47

Coarctation of the aorta

Question 48

When the pulmonary artery abnormally arises from the left ventricle and the aorta abnormally arises from the right ventricle is called:

Answer 48

Transposition of the great vessels

Question 49

The fetal heart begins to contract at _______ days of gestation

Answer 49

36 to 37

Question 50

The thymus is located anterior to the _______

Answer 50

Mediastinum

Question 51

The most common location of a diaphragmatic hernia is on the _________

Answer 51

Left side

Question 52

The most common fetal cardiac tumor is the ________

Answer 52

Rhabdomyoma

Question 53

______is a mass consisting of abnormal bronchial and lungs tissue

Answer 53

Cystic adenomatoid malformation (CAM)

Question 54

Cystic adenomatoid malformation is AKA:

Answer 54

Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM)

Question 55

Fluid surrounding the lungs is referred to as:

Answer 55

Pleural effusion (hydrothorax)

Question 56

______is fluid located around the heart

Answer 56

Pericardial effusion

Question 57

Functional fetal lung tissue does not typically exist until after ________

Answer 57

25 weeks

Question 58

_______is a genetic disorder characterized by an absent or a hypoplastic thymus

Answer 58

DiGeorge syndrome

Question 59

The most common reason for fetal cardiac malposition is the existence of a ________

Answer 59

Diaphragmatic hernia

Question 60

_______results in an abnormal opening in the fetal diaphragm that allows the herniation of abdominal contents into the chest cavity

Answer 60

Diaphragmatic hernia

Question 61

_______is a separate mass of nonfunctioning lung tissue with its own blood supply

Answer 61

Pulmonary sequestration (Bronchopulmonary)

Question 62

_______is caused by a decreased number of lung cells, airway and alveoli

Answer 62

Pulmonary hypoplasia

Question 63

______is a group of anomalies that combines ectopic cordis and an existing omphalocele

Answer 63

Pentalogy of cantrell

Question 64

______is an abnormal opening in the septum between the two ventricles of the heart

Answer 64

Ventricular septal defect

Question 65

Sonographic findings of a diaphragmatic hernia

Answer 65

1. Malposition of the heart 2. Anechoic stomach bubble noted adjacent to the four-chamber heart view 3. Other abdominal organs, including the liver, pancreas, and spleen may be located along the chest

Question 66

Sonographic findings of pulmonary sequestration

Answer 66

1. Echogenic, triangular-shaped mass within the fetal chest 2. Pleural effusion may be present

Question 67

Sonographic findings of ventricular septal defects

Answer 67

1. Absence of part of the ventricular septum 2. Color doppler is helpful at detecting small defects

Question 68

Sonographic findings of atrial septal defects

Answer 68

1. Absent part of the atrial septum 2. Color doppler is helpful at detecting small defects

Question 69

Sonographic findings of atrioventricular septal defects

Answer 69

1. Absence of the atrial and ventricular septum 2. Color doppler findings are helpful at shadowing mixture of flow patterns

Question 70

Sonographic findings of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 70

1. Narrowing of the aortic arch 2. Right ventricular enlargement 3. Pulmonary artery enlargement

Question 71

Sonographic findings of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 71

1. Overriding aortic root 2. VSD 3. Pulmonary stenosis 4. Right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 72

Sonographic findings of an echogenic intracardiac focus

Answer 72

1. Echogenic structure most commonly located within the left ventricle

Question 73

Sonographic findings of a rhabdomyoma

Answer 73

1. Echogenic tumor(s) within the myocardium of the heart

Question 74

Sonographic findings of pericardial effusion

Answer 74

1. Anechoic fluid surrounding the heart

Question 75

Sonographic findings of ectopic cordis

Answer 75

1. Heart location either partially or complerely outside the chest

Question 76

Sonographic findings of pleural effusion

Answer 76

1. Anechoic fluid surrounding the fetal lung(s) "bat-wing" sign 2. Other signs of hydrops may be present

Question 77

Sonographic findings of hypoplastic right heart syndrome

Answer 77

1. Absent or small right ventricle 2. Enlarged left ventricle 3. Fetal hydrops (secondary to cardiac failure) 4. Narrowing of the pulmonary valve

Question 78

Sonographic findings of transposition of the great vessels

Answer 78

1. The **pulmonary artery abnormally arises** from the **left ventricle and the aorta abnormally** 2. The **outflow tracts will be positioned parallel to each other rather** than crisscrossing 3. VSD may be present

Question 79

Sonographic findings of Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Answer 79

1. Absent or small left ventricle 2. No communication between the left atrium and the left ventricle 3. Aortic atresia (possibly) 4. Aortic stenosis (possibly) 5. Coarctation of the aorta

Question 80

Sonographic findings of Ebstein anomaly

Answer 80

1. Mispositioned tricuspid valve 2. Right and left atrial shunting 3. Tricuspid regurgitation 4. Enlarged right atrium 5. Deviation of the atrial septum to the left 6. Fetal hydrops (secondary to cardiac failure)