Chapter 19 The Menstrual Cycle

Question 1

The two hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland that impact the menstrual cycle are:

Answer 1

LH and FSH

Question 2

The second phase of the ovarian cycles is called the:

Answer 2

Luteal phase

Question 3

The measurement of the endometrium during the early proliferative phase ranges from:

Answer 3

4 to 8 mm

Question 4

The first menstrual cycle is termed:

Answer 4

Menarche

Question 5

The average menstrual cycle lasts:

Answer 5

28 days

Question 6

LH is produced by the:

Answer 6

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 7

________is released by the ovary during the second half of the menstrual cycle

Answer 7

Progesterone

Question 8

The second phase of the endometrial cycle is:

Answer 8

Secretory phase

Question 9

During which phase of the endometrial cycle would the endometrium yield the three-line sign?

Answer 9

Late proliferative

Question 10

The arteries within the functional layer of the endometrium that are altered by the hormones of the ovary and are shed with menstruation are the:

Answer 10

Spiral arteries

Question 11

Ovulation typically occurs on day ____ of the menstrual cycle

Answer 11

14

Question 12

What structure may be noted on the ovary just prior to ovulation?

Answer 12

Graafian follicle

Question 13

FSH is produced by the:

Answer 13

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 14

When the ovary is in the luteal phase, the endometrium is in the:

Answer 14

Secretory

Question 15

Painful and difficult menstruation is termed:

Answer 15

Dysmenorrhea

Question 16

What hormone maintains the corpus luteum during pregnancy?

Answer 16

hCG

Question 17

An increase in the number of endometrial cells is termed:

Answer 17

Endometrial hyperplasia

Question 18

______is said to be a common cause of DUB?

Answer 18

Polycystic ovary syndrome

Question 19

What structure remains after the corpus luteum has regressed?

Answer 19

Corpus albicans

Question 20

The first phase of the ovarian cycle is the:

Answer 20

Follicular phase

Question 21

The dominant follicle prior to ovulation is termed the:

Answer 21

Graafian follicle

Question 22

The hormone that surges at ovulation is:

Answer 22

LH

Question 23

The first phase of the endometrial cycle is the:

Answer 23

Proliferative phase

Question 24

The corpus luteum primary releases:

Answer 24

Progesterone

Question 25

______could also be described as intermenstrual bleeding

Answer 25

Metrorrhagia

Question 26

What hormones maintains the thickness of the endometrium after ovulation?

Answer 26

Progesterone

Question 27

A change in menstrual bleeding associated with lesions within the uterus relates to:

Answer 27

AUB

Question 28

The temporary endocrine gland that results from the rupture of the Graafian follicle is the:

Answer 28

Corpus luteum

Question 29

What is the typical sonographic appearance of the endometrium during the secretory phase?

Answer 29

Hyperechoic and thick

Question 30

The structure noted within the Graafian follicle containing the developing ovum is the:

Answer 30

Cumulus Oophorus

Question 31

When the sonographic three-line sign is present, the functional layer of the endometrium typically appears:

Answer 31

Hypoechoic

Question 32

The hormone of the pituitary gland that stimulates follicular development of the ovary is:

Answer 32

FSH

Question 33

What structure produces hormones that directly act upon the endometrium to produce varying thickness and sonographic appearance?

Answer 33

Ovary

Question 34

The hormone produced by the hypothalamus that controls the release of the hormones for maturation by the anterior pituitary gland:

Answer 34

GnRH

Question 35

The **hormone** produced by the trophoblastic cells of the early **placenta** is:

Answer 35

hCG

Question 36

What is defined as frequent regular cycles but less than 21 days apart?

Answer 36

Polymenorrhea

Question 37

Which hormone released by the ovary during the proliferative phase stimulates endometrial thickening?

Answer 37

Estrogen

Question 38

The periovulatory phase may also be referred to as the:

Answer 38

Late proliferative phase

Question 39

Ectopic endometrial tissue within the uterus that leads to AUB is termed:

Answer 39

Adenomyosis

Question 40

The primary responsibility of the hypothalamus, as it relates to the menstrual cycle, is to regulate the:

Answer 40

Release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Question 41

______is the remaining structure of the corpus luteum after its deterioration

Answer 41

Corpus albicans

Question 42

During menses, the endometrium typically appears as a:

Answer 42

Thin, echogenic line that can measure up to 4mm

Question 43

______is defined as a change in menstrual bleeding patterns caused by either endocrine abnormalities or lesions within the uterus

Answer 43

Abnormal uterine bleeding

Question 44

_____may be idiopathic, although it is usually related to hormonal imbalances resulting in endometrial changes with subsequent irregular bleeding

Answer 44

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Question 45

_____is usually diagnosed when all other causes of irregular bleeding are ruled out

Answer 45

Dysfunctional uterine bleeding

Question 46

If fertilization does occur, the endometrial thickness is maintained by the continual production of:

Answer 46

Progesterone by the corpus luteum of pregnancy

Question 47

During the first half of the menstrual cycle, the endometrium undergoes thickening as a result of:

Answer 47

Estrogen stimulation

Question 48

Should fertilization not take place, menses begin on day 1 of the cycle, resulting from a lack of:

Answer 48

Estrogen and progesterone

Question 49

_______maintains the thickness of the endometrium in preparation for implantation

Answer 49

Progesterone

Question 50

The ______of the endometrial cycle occurs after ovulation and is stimulated by progesterone

Answer 50

Secretory phase

Question 51

Late proliferative phase after being referred to as:

Answer 51

Periovulatory phase

Question 52

The proliferative phase may be divided into two phases:

Answer 52

*Early *Late

Question 53

The ______occurs after mensuration and lasts until ovulation

Answer 53

Proliferative phase

Question 54

______is the first phase of the endometrial cycle

Answer 54

Proliferative phase

Question 55

The endometrial cycle consists of two phases:

Answer 55

*Proliferative phase *Secretory phase

Question 56

The Graafian follicle contains the developing oocyte(egg) within a region called the:

Answer 56

Cumulus oophorus

Question 57

The Graafian follicle can grow as large as ______

Answer 57

2.7 cm

Question 58

During the follicular phase, the anterior pituitary gland secretes FSH, which initiates the:

Answer 58

Follicular development of the ovary

Question 59

The fluid from the ruptured follicle mostly collects in the:

Answer 59

Posterior cul-de-sac

Question 60

After the Graafian follicle ruptures, it is temporarily turned into an endocrine gland in the form of the:

Answer 60

Corpus luteum

Question 61

The second phase of the ovarian cycle, days 15-28, is termed:

Answer 61

Luteal phase

Question 62

At the time of ovulation the individual may feel a twinge of pain and this is termed:

Answer 62

Mittelschmerz

Question 63

______is initially produced by the theca internal cells of the secondary follicles during the first part of the menstrual cycle

Answer 63

Estrogen

Question 64

_____is often referred to as the "master gland" is an endocrine gland located within the brain that consists of an anterior and a posterior lobe

Answer 64

Pituitary gland

Question 65

_____is the complex interactions that take place between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland and ovaries as part of the female reproductive cycle

Answer 65

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis

Question 66

The ovarian cycles consists of two phases:

Answer 66

*The follicular phase *The luteal phase

Question 67

During the second half of the menstrual cycle, following ovulation, progesterone is produced by the:

Answer 67

Corpus luteum of the ovary

Question 68

_____is the **area** within the brain that is located just **beneath the thalamus** and controls the release of hormones by the anterior pituitary gland

Answer 68

Hypothalamus

Question 69

______is the stage at which the conceptus implants within the decidualized endometrium

Answer 69

Blastocyst

Question 70

The ovary produces two hormones during the menstrual cycle:

Answer 70

*Estrogen *Progesterone

Question 71

Primary amenorrhea may be caused by:

Answer 71

* Congenital abnormalities * Congenital obstruction

Question 72

The first menstrual cycle is termed:

Answer 72

Menarche

Question 73

______is responsible for the release of two chief hormones that influence the menstrual cycle: follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

Answer 73

Anterior pituitary gland

Question 74

The average menstrual cycle lasts _______, with ovulation typically occurring around day _______

Answer 74

*28 days *14

Question 75

Secondary amenorrhea may be associated with:

Answer 75

* Endocrinologic abnormalities * Pregnancy

Question 76

______is responsible for maintaining the thickness of the endometrium and inducing its secretory activity for the endometrium prepares for the possible implantation

Answer 76

Progesterone