Chapter 3 Flashcards
(24 cards)
64) Logical positivism
an inclination to ignore or minimize differences between women and men
65) Social constructionism
– an approach to knowledge that assumes researchers do not discover independently existing facts through objective observation; rather, they construct knowledge that is influenced by the social context of their inquiry
66) Case history method
– a research method that involves gathering many details about one or several individuals, usually through interviews, to support, develop, or refine a particular explanation of behavior.
67) Narrative approach
a research approach that gathers a lot of information from a single individual and allows the research participant the opportunity to react to the meanings and interpretations that the researcher gives to the participant’s life story.
68) Phenomenological method
– a research method oriented toward understanding behavior from the perspective of the person being studied, often based on in-depth, subjective information collected in interviews.
69) Discourse analysis
the analysis of the language in various texts, such as interview responses, discussions, and essays.
70) Naturalistic observation
a research method in which a researcher spends a lot of time watching individuals in their normal setting, keeping track of the number and type of certain kinds of behaviors displayed.
71) Survey methods
methods of data collection that use a standardized questionnaire or interview to collect information from a large number of people
72) Correlational methods
a research method capable of showing that two things are related to each other, or go together, but incapable of showing that either one caused the other
73) Experiment
a research method in which the researcher directly manipulates one variable, called the independent variable, while measuring its effects on another variable, the dependent variable.
74) Independent variable
a variable that is manipulated in an experiment
75) Dependent variable
a variable that is measured in an experiment
76) Longitudinal study
a study that follows the same research participants over an extended period of time, usually years, and obtains data from them repeatedly during that time
77) Meta-analysis
the use of statistical methods to combine the findings of a large number of different studies of the same behavior to evaluate the overall pattern of findings.
78) Effect size
– the amount of variation in a criterion variable that is attributable to a particular treatment or category variable in one study or a group of studies.
79) Distribution
the frequency with which certain responses or scores are obtained when a group of individuals is studied.
80) Statistically significant
– the probability that a particular result occurred by chance alone, based on tests that consider sample size and variability; conventionally, if the probability of a result occurring by chance alone is less than 5%, the finding is accepted as statistically significant.
81) Transformationism
an approach to understanding the way biology and environment work together, with neither being more fundamental than the other to an organism’s development but both combining to transform the organism so that it responds differently to other concurrent or subsequent biological or environmental influences.
82) Sex-of-experimenter effects
the effects of using a female or male experimenter to carry out research because people react differently to men and women
Androcentric norms
the use of male behavior as the norm against which to measure females
84) Ethnocentrism
the tendency to interpret observation of another culture or group in terms of our own culture.
85) Heterosexism
the tendency to view heterosexuality as the norm and to ignore or render invisible the alternatives of homosexuality and bisexuality
86) Anthropomorphism
the tendency to interpret animal behavior in terms of human customs and ideology.
87) Misogyny
hatred of women
