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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

size & shape of cells

A

vary in size & shape

microscopic

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2
Q

composition of cells

A

cytoplasm
organelles
plasma membrane

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3
Q

location of cytoplasm

A

fluid in cells

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4
Q

location of organelles

A

specialized structures in cytoplasm

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5
Q

location of plasma membrane

A

surrounding the cell

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6
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

boundary
selectively permeability
2 layered membrane

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7
Q

what is plasma membrane made of

A

(2 layered membrane)

-phospholipids
-protein

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8
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

substance from nucleus to plasma membrane

contains cytoskeleton

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A

framework, support, movement

microfilaments & microtubules

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10
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

2 sub units of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

location of ribosomes

A

attached to rough ER
free in cytoplasm

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12
Q

function of ribosomes

A

makes enzymes & proteins (protein factories)

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

sacs & canals

carries through cytoplasm

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14
Q

rough ER

A

transports proteins made by ribosomes

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes chemicals, makes a new membrane

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16
Q

location of golgi apparatus

A

flattened sacs near nucleus

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17
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

(chemical processing & package center)

collects chemicals to move from smooth ER outside plasma membrane

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18
Q

mitochondria

A

inner & outer membranous sacs

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19
Q

function of mitochondria

A

(power plants)

1 DNA molecule
energy releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes

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21
Q

function of lysosomes

A
  1. protective function (eat microbes)
  2. formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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22
Q

centrosome

A
  1. microtubule
  2. centrioles
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23
Q

microtubule

A

organizing region of cytoskeleton

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24
Q

centrioles

A

paired organelles within centrosome

moving chromosomes during cell reproduction

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25
Q

nucleus

A

control center
genome
making proteins
determine cell structure & functions

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26
Q

component structures in nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
nucleoplasm
nucleolus
chromatin granules

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27
Q

nucleus involving DNA

A
  1. DNA becomes tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division
  2. 46 clear chromosomes contain DNA
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28
Q

cell extensions

A
  1. microvilli
  2. cilia
  3. flagella
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29
Q

what is a cell extensions

A

extending beyond boundary of a cell

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30
Q

microvilli

A

short extensions

slight movement for cell absorption

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31
Q

cilia

A

hairlike extensions

sensory function

moves wavelike to propel mucus

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32
Q

flagella

A

single projections
act as “tail” of sperm

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33
Q

every human cell has a designated function:

A

maintain the cell
regulate life processes

34
Q

specialized functions of a cell:

A

differ depending on number and type of organelles

35
Q

2 types of membrane transport:

A

Passive
Active

36
Q

what is a membrane transport

A

move substances in and out of cell

37
Q

passive transport

A
  1. no ATP
  2. down concentration gradient
38
Q

active transport

A
  1. uses ATP
  2. only in living things
  3. up concentration gradient
39
Q

Passive transport processes

A

Diffusion
Dialysis
Osmosis
Filtration

40
Q

Diffusion

A

scatter evenly throughout space
high to low concentration

41
Q

diffusion equilibrium

A

solutes move through channels or carriers in membrane

equality of concentration of solution on both sides of membrane

42
Q

semipermeable membranes

A

pores that allow only certain substances to pass through

43
Q

dialysis

A

may have semipermeable membrane

uneven distribution

used in medical procedures

44
Q

osmosis

A

passive movement of water molecules when some cannot cross membrane

produces equilibrium by diluting concentrated solutes

osmotic pressure

45
Q

filtration

A

movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane

46
Q

active transport processes

A
  1. ion pumps
  2. phagocytosis
  3. pinocytosis
47
Q

ion pumps

A

protein complex in cell membrane

use ATP to move substances across membrane against concentration gradient

48
Q

examples of ion pumps

A

(ion pumps work with glucose & amino acids. ions are transported)

  1. sodium - potassium pump
  2. calcium pump
49
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

protective mechanism to destroy bacteria or debris from tissue damage

50
Q

pinocytosis

A

cell drinking

engulfs fluid or dissolved substances

51
Q

cell growth

A

proteins determine structure & function of cells

protein synthesis is directed by 2 nucleic acids

52
Q

nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA

53
Q

structural & functional proteins

A

structure:
collage & keratin

functional:
hormones, enzymes, channels & receptors

54
Q

types of cell growth

A
  1. DNA
  2. RNA
  3. protein synthesis
55
Q

shape of DNA

A

spiral staircase (double helix)

56
Q

DNA

A

46 chromosomes in nucleus

57
Q

DNA base pairs are made of

A

deoxyribose (sugar)
phosphate

58
Q

gene

A

sequence of base pairs in DNA

indirectly determines cell structure & function

59
Q

RNA

A

genes that do not code directly for proteins

protein synthesis

subunits made of nucleotides

60
Q

3 types of protein synthesis

A

transcription

mRNA pass from nucleus to cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis in ribosomes & ER

translation

61
Q

what is protein synthesis

A

occurs in cytoplasm

genetic info passes from nucleus to cytoplasm

62
Q

transcription

A

DNA separates to form mRNA

63
Q

translation

A

mRNA transcript to synthesize proteins in cytoplasm in ribosomes

64
Q

codon

A

series of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that acts as code for amino acid

65
Q

transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

carries amino acid and anticodon

tRNA brings amino acid to mRNA

66
Q

steps for cell reproduction

A
  1. cell life cycle - reproduction
  2. DNA replication
  3. Mitosis
67
Q

what is cell life cycle

A

reproduction of cell, division of nucleus and the cytoplasm

2 daughter cells from division

interphase

68
Q

interphase

A

when cell is not actively dividing

69
Q

DNA replication

A

half of DNA becomes whole molecule identical to original DNA

70
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that distributes identical nuclear chromosomes (DNA) to each new cell formed

71
Q

steps of mitosis (PMAT)

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

72
Q

prophase

A

chromatin granules become organized

pairs of linked chromatids

centrioles move away from nucleus

nuclear envelope disappears

spindle fibers appear

73
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align across center cell

spindle fibers attach themselves to each to each chromatid

74
Q

anaphase

A

centromeres break apart

separated chromatids > chromosomes

chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of each cell

cleavage develops

75
Q

telophase

A

cell division completed

nuclear envelope & nucleoli in daughter cells

cytoplasm divided (cytokineses)

76
Q

what happens after telophase

A

daughter cells fully functional ending mitosis & entering interphase

77
Q

results of cell division

A

two identical cells

growing tissues, replacing old or damaged cells

78
Q

differentiation

A

daughter cells specialize & from different tissues

79
Q

neoplasms (new tumors)

A

abnormalities of mitotic division can produce malignant or benign tumors

80
Q

anticodon

A

tRNA complements mRNA codon

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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