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A&P 1 > Chapter 3 > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Flashcards

1
Q

size & shape of cells

A

vary in size & shape

microscopic

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2
Q

composition of cells

A

cytoplasm
organelles
plasma membrane

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3
Q

location of cytoplasm

A

fluid in cells

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4
Q

location of organelles

A

specialized structures in cytoplasm

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5
Q

location of plasma membrane

A

surrounding the cell

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6
Q

function of plasma membrane

A

boundary
selectively permeability
2 layered membrane

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7
Q

what is plasma membrane made of

A

(2 layered membrane)

-phospholipids
-protein

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8
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

substance from nucleus to plasma membrane

contains cytoskeleton

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9
Q

cytoskeleton

A

framework, support, movement

microfilaments & microtubules

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10
Q

what are ribosomes made of

A

2 sub units of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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11
Q

location of ribosomes

A

attached to rough ER
free in cytoplasm

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12
Q

function of ribosomes

A

makes enzymes & proteins (protein factories)

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

sacs & canals

carries through cytoplasm

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14
Q

rough ER

A

transports proteins made by ribosomes

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15
Q

smooth ER

A

synthesizes chemicals, makes a new membrane

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16
Q

location of golgi apparatus

A

flattened sacs near nucleus

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17
Q

function of golgi apparatus

A

(chemical processing & package center)

collects chemicals to move from smooth ER outside plasma membrane

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18
Q

mitochondria

A

inner & outer membranous sacs

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19
Q

function of mitochondria

A

(power plants)

1 DNA molecule
energy releasing chemical reactions (cellular respiration)

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20
Q

lysosomes

A

membrane enclosed packets containing digestive enzymes

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21
Q

function of lysosomes

A
  1. protective function (eat microbes)
  2. formerly thought to be responsible for apoptosis (programmed cell death)
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22
Q

centrosome

A
  1. microtubule
  2. centrioles
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23
Q

microtubule

A

organizing region of cytoskeleton

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24
Q

centrioles

A

paired organelles within centrosome

moving chromosomes during cell reproduction

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25
nucleus
control center genome making proteins determine cell structure & functions
26
component structures in nucleus
nuclear envelope nucleoplasm nucleolus chromatin granules
27
nucleus involving DNA
1. DNA becomes tightly coiled chromosomes during cell division 2. 46 clear chromosomes contain DNA
28
cell extensions
1. microvilli 2. cilia 3. flagella
29
what is a cell extensions
extending beyond boundary of a cell
30
microvilli
short extensions slight movement for cell absorption
31
cilia
hairlike extensions sensory function moves wavelike to propel mucus
32
flagella
single projections act as "tail" of sperm
33
every human cell has a designated function:
maintain the cell regulate life processes
34
specialized functions of a cell:
differ depending on number and type of organelles
35
2 types of membrane transport:
Passive Active
36
what is a membrane transport
move substances in and out of cell
37
passive transport
1. no ATP 2. down concentration gradient
38
active transport
1. uses ATP 2. only in living things 3. up concentration gradient
39
Passive transport processes
Diffusion Dialysis Osmosis Filtration
40
Diffusion
scatter evenly throughout space high to low concentration
41
diffusion equilibrium
solutes move through channels or carriers in membrane equality of concentration of solution on both sides of membrane
42
semipermeable membranes
pores that allow only certain substances to pass through
43
dialysis
may have semipermeable membrane uneven distribution used in medical procedures
44
osmosis
passive movement of water molecules when some cannot cross membrane produces equilibrium by diluting concentrated solutes osmotic pressure
45
filtration
movement of water and solutes caused by hydrostatic pressure on one side of membrane
46
active transport processes
1. ion pumps 2. phagocytosis 2. pinocytosis
47
ion pumps
protein complex in cell membrane use ATP to move substances across membrane against concentration gradient
48
examples of ion pumps
(ion pumps work with glucose & amino acids. ions are transported) 1. sodium - potassium pump 2. calcium pump
49
phagocytosis
cell eating protective mechanism to destroy bacteria or debris from tissue damage
50
pinocytosis
cell drinking engulfs fluid or dissolved substances
51
cell growth
proteins determine structure & function of cells protein synthesis is directed by 2 nucleic acids
52
nucleic acids
DNA RNA
53
structural & functional proteins
structure: collage & keratin functional: hormones, enzymes, channels & receptors
54
types of cell growth
1. DNA 2. RNA 3. protein synthesis
55
shape of DNA
spiral staircase (double helix)
56
DNA
46 chromosomes in nucleus
57
DNA base pairs are made of
deoxyribose (sugar) phosphate
58
gene
sequence of base pairs in DNA indirectly determines cell structure & function
59
RNA
genes that do not code directly for proteins protein synthesis subunits made of nucleotides
60
3 types of protein synthesis
transcription mRNA pass from nucleus to cytoplasm to direct protein synthesis in ribosomes & ER translation
61
what is protein synthesis
occurs in cytoplasm genetic info passes from nucleus to cytoplasm
62
transcription
DNA separates to form mRNA
63
translation
mRNA transcript to synthesize proteins in cytoplasm in ribosomes
64
codon
series of 3 nucleotide bases in mRNA that acts as code for amino acid
65
transfer RNA (tRNA)
carries amino acid and anticodon tRNA brings amino acid to mRNA
66
steps for cell reproduction
1. cell life cycle - reproduction 2. DNA replication 3. Mitosis
67
what is cell life cycle
reproduction of cell, division of nucleus and the cytoplasm 2 daughter cells from division interphase
68
interphase
when cell is not actively dividing
69
DNA replication
half of DNA becomes whole molecule identical to original DNA
70
mitosis
cell division that distributes identical nuclear chromosomes (DNA) to each new cell formed
71
steps of mitosis (PMAT)
Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
72
prophase
chromatin granules become organized pairs of linked chromatids centrioles move away from nucleus nuclear envelope disappears spindle fibers appear
73
metaphase
chromosomes align across center cell spindle fibers attach themselves to each to each chromatid
74
anaphase
centromeres break apart separated chromatids > chromosomes chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of each cell cleavage develops
75
telophase
cell division completed nuclear envelope & nucleoli in daughter cells cytoplasm divided (cytokineses)
76
what happens after telophase
daughter cells fully functional ending mitosis & entering interphase
77
results of cell division
two identical cells growing tissues, replacing old or damaged cells
78
differentiation
daughter cells specialize & from different tissues
79
neoplasms (new tumors)
abnormalities of mitotic division can produce malignant or benign tumors
80
anticodon
tRNA complements mRNA codon

A&P 1 (6 decks)

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