Chapter 3 Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
A factor that co-varies with, or is associated with, some outcome of interest (eg. height and weight)
A
Correlate
2
Q
A correlate that occurs before some outcome of interest (eg. depression is a risk factor for suicide)
A
Risk factor
3
Q
A risk factor that can change within a person (eg. level of depression can vary within a person.)
A
Factor
4
Q
A risk factor that cannot change within a person (eg. race cannot vary within a person, and white race is a market of increased risk of suicide death).
A
Fixed marker
5
Q
A variable risk factor that, when changed, doesn’t influence the outcome of interest (ie. it can vary, but it is still a marker of increased risk for the outcome of interest.)
A
Variable marker
6
Q
A variable risk factor that, when changed, changes the likelihood of the outcome of interest (eg. if effectively treating depression decreased the risk of suicide, we would call it a causal risk factor.)
A
Causal risk factor.
7
Q
A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur. (Eg. General paresis - cannot develop unless a person has previously contracted syphilis.)
A
Necesssary cause.
8
Q
A condition that guarantees the occurrence of a disorder. (If X occurs, then Y will also occur.)
A
Sufficient cause.
9
Q
A condition that increases the probability of developing a disorder but that is neither necessary nor sufficient for it to occur. (If X occurs, then the probability of Y occurring increases.)
A
Contributory cause.
10
Q
Factors occuring relatively early in life that may not show their effects for many years.
A
Distal risk factors.
11
Q
Risk factors that operate shortly before the occurrence of the symptoms of a disorder.
A
Proximal risk factors.
12
Q
A condition that tends to maintain maladaptive behavior that is already occurring. (Eg. Extra attention, sympathy, and relief from unwanted responsibility that may come when a person is ill, these pleasant experiences may unintentionally discourage recovery.)
A
Reinforcing contributory cause.
13
Q
When more than one causal factor is involved that lead to a condition. (Eg. Conditions A,B,C lead to condition Y.)
A
Causal pattern
14
Q
View of abnormal behavior as the result of stress operating on an individual who has a biological, psychosocial, or socicultural predisposition to developing a specific disorder.
A
Diathesis-Stress model.
15
Q
Predisposition or vulnerability to developing a given disorder.
A
Diathesis.
16
Q
Effects created within on organism by the application of a stressor.
A
Stress.
17
Q
When the diathesis and stress simply add up, or sum together.
A
Additive model.
18
Q
Model of when some amount of diathesis must be present before stress will have any effect.
A
Interactive model.
19
Q
Influences that modify a person’s response to an environmental stressor, making it less likelt that the person will experience the adverse effects of the stressor.
A
Protective factors.
20
Q
Effect of when some stressors paradoxically promote coping.
A
“steeling” or “inoculation”
21
Q
The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances.
A
Resilience.
22
Q
Field of psychology that focuses on determining what is abnormal at any point in the developmental process by comparing and contrasting it with normal and expected changes that occur.
A
Developmental psychopathology.
23
Q
A _____________ cause is one that must exist in order for a disorder to occur.
A
Ncessary.
24
Q
The ability to adapt successfully to even very difficult circumstances is called _______________.
A
Resilience.
25
Research suggests that childhood abuse is associated with the risk of developing depression later in life. However, not everyone who experiences childhood abuse develops depression, and many people who develop depression did not experience childhood abuse. Childhood abuse is thus which of the following?
A contributory cause of depression.
26
A viewpoint that acknowledges the interacting roles of biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors in the origins of psychopathology.
Biopsychosocial viewpoint.
27
The ____________ perspective focuses on how genetics, neurobiology, and hormonal responses influence psychopathology.
Biological.
28
The _____________ perspective is concerned with thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Psychological.
29
The ________________ perspective focuses on social and cultural factors.
Sociocultural.
30
The ________________ viewpoint is an integrated approach.
Biopsychsocial.
31
Julia's friend explains that she struggles with alcoholism because of "bad genes." This explanation represents the __________ perspective of abnormal behavior.
Biological
32
Dr. Austin takes an approach to understanding psychopathology that considers the way in which multiple types of influences affect one's mental functioning. He also pays attention to the cultural context in which behaviors occur to determine what is and is not considered to be abnormal. Dr. Austin adheres to the __________ model.
Biopsychosocial
33
Dr. Yang studies psychopathology by investigating how dysfunctional thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can contribute to abnormal behavior. Dr. Yang is looking at behavior from a __________ perspective.
Psychological.
34
There are four categories of biological factors relevant to the development of maladaptive behavior... what are they?
1. Genetic vulnerabilities.
2. Brain dysfunction and neural plasticity.
3. Neurotransmitter and hormonal abnormalities in the brain and other parts of the nervous system.
4. Temperament.
35
Long molecules of DNA that are present at various locations on chromosomes and that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary traits.
Genes.
36
Chain like sstructures wihtin cell nucleus that contain genes.
Chromosomes.
37
Genes are the carriers of the information that we inherit from our parents, and each gene exists in two or more alternate forms called ____________.
Alleles.
38
Personality traits and mental disorders are not affected by chromosomal abnormalities. Instead they are more often influenced either by abnormalities in some of the genes on the chromosomes or by naturally occurring variations of genes known as _______________.
Polymorphisms.
39
Caused by the action of many genes together in an additive or interactive fashion.
Polygenic.
40
A persons total genetic endowment.
Genotype.
41
The observed structural and functiontion characteristics of a person that result from interaction between the genotype and the environment.
Phenotype.
42
Differential sensistivity or susceptibility to their environments by people who have different genotypes.
Genotype-environment interaction.
43
Genotypic vulnerability that can shape a childs environmental experiences. (Eg. A child who is genetically predisposed to aggressive behaviour may be rejected by his or her peers in early grades because of aggressive behaviour. Such rejection leads the child to go on to form friendships with other deliquent peers.)
Genotype-environment correlation.
44
The childs genotype may have what has been termed a _____________ on the environment, resulting from the genetic similarity of parents and children. (Eg. Highly intelligent parents may provide a highly stimulating environment for their child, thus creating an environment that will interact in a a positive way with the child's genetic endowment for high intelligence.)
Passive effect.
45
The childs genotype may evoke particular kinds of reactions from the social and physical environment. (Eg. Happy babies draw out more positive responses from others than do passive, unresponsive infants.)
Evocative effect.
46
The childs genotype may play a more active role in shaping the environment. (Eg. Extraverted children may seek the company of others, thereby enhancing their own tendeencies to be sociable.)
Active effect.
47
Field that studies the heritability of mental disorders and other aspects of psychological functioning such as personality and intelligence.
Behavior genetics.
48
The three primary methods that have traditionally been used in behavior genetics are?
1. The family history method.
2. The twin method.
3. The adoption method.
49
Behaviour genetic research strategy that examines the incidence of disorder in relatives of an index case to determine whether incidence increases in proportion to the degree of hereditary relationship.
Family history method.
50
The use of identical and nonidentical twins to study genetic influences on abnormal behavior.
Twin method.
51
Twins that share the same genetic endowment because they develop from a single zygote.
Identical.
52
The percentage of twins sharing a disorder or trait.
Concordance rate.
53
These twins develop from two different fertilized eggs and do not share any more genes than do siblings from the same parent.s
Dizygotic twins.
54
Comparison of biological and adoptive relatives with and without a given disorder to assess genetic versus environmental influences.
Adoption method.
55
True/ False: Strong genetic effects mean that environmental influences must be unimportant.
False; Environmental factors can have a major inpact on the level of that trait.
56
True/ False: Genes impose a limit on potential.
False, one's potential can change if one's environment changes.
57
True/ False: Genetic strategies are of no value for studying environmental influences.
False; Genetic research strategies provide critical tests of environmental influences on personality and psychopathology.
58
True/ False: Genetic effects diminish with age.
False: Although many people assume that genetic effects should be maximal at birth, with environmental influences getting stronger with increasing age, it is now evident that this is not always true.
59
True/ False: Disorders that run in families must be genetic, and those that do not run in families must not be genetic.
False: Many examples contradict these misconceptions. Teenage onset juvenile delinquency for example, tends to run in families, and yet this seems to be due primarilly to environmental rather than genetic influences.
60
______________________ are those that would make children in a family more similar, whether the influence occurs within the family or in the environment.
Shared environmental influences.
61
______________________ are those in which the children in a family differ. These would include unique experiences at school and also some unique features of upbringing in the home, such as a parent treating one child in a qualitatively different way from another.
Nonshared environmental influences.
62
These types of studies attempt to deetermine the actual location of genes responsible for mental disorders.
Linkage analysis and association studies.
63
Genetic research strategy in which occurrence of a disorder in an extended family is compared with that of a genetic marker for a physical characteristic or biological processes that is known to be located on a particular chromosome.
Linkage analysis.
64
Genetic research strategy comparing frequenct of certain genetic markers known to be located on particular chromosomes in people with and without a particular disorder.
Association studies.
65
_____________________ is the felxibility of the brain in making changes in organization and function in response to pre-and postnatal experiences, stress, diet, disease, drugs, maturation, and so forth.
Neural plasticity.
66
Achknowledgement that genetic activity infleunces neural activity, which in turn infleunces behavior, which in turn influences the environment, and that these influences are bidirectional.
Developmental systems approach.
67
Site of communication from the axon of one neuron to the dendrites or cell body of another neuron - a tiny filled space between neurons.
Synapse.
68
Chemical substances that are released into a synapse by a presynaptic neuron and that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another.
Neurotransmitters.
69
One of the basic tenants of the biological perspective today?
The belief that imbalances in neurotransmitters in the brain can result in abnormal behaviour.
70
Neurons that are sensitive to a particular neurotrasnmitter tend to cluster together, forming neural paths between different parts of the brain known as _________________.
Chamical circuits.
71
Five different kinds of neurotrasmitters have been most extensively studies in relationship to psychopathology. What are they?
1. Norepinephrine.
2. Dopamine
3. Serotonin
4. Glutamate
5. Gamma aminobutyric acid. (GABA)
72
Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin belong to a class of neurotransmitters called? Why?
Monoamines. Because each is synthesized from a single amino acid.
73
Medication that facilitate the effects of a neurontransmitter on the postsynaptic neuron are called _____________.
Agonists.
74
Medications that oppose or inhibit the effects of a neurotransmitter on a postsynpatic neuron are called _________________.
Antagonists.
75
Chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands that regulate development of and activity in various parts of the body.
Hormones.
76
Our central nervous system is linked to the endocrine system (in what is know as the _________________) by the effects of the hypothalamus on the pituatiry gland, which is that master gland of the body, producing a variety of hormones that regulate or control the other endocrine glands.
Neuroendocrine system.
77
Endorine gland associated with many regulatory functions.
Pituitary gland.
78
(HPA) The HPA axis is a hormonal feedback system that becomes activated by stress and results in the productiion of cortisol.
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.
79
Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands.
Cortisol.
80
Pattern of emotional and arousal responses and characteristics ways of self-regulation that are considered to be primarily hereditary or constitutional.
Temperament.
81
Starting at about 2-3 months of age, appoximately five dimensions of temperament can identifie - what are they?
fearfulness, irritability/frustration, positive affects, activity level, and attentiaonl persistence/effortful control.
82
82
Children who are fearful and hypervigiliant in many novel and unfamiliar situation have been labeled as _______________.
Behaviourally inhibited.
83
The study of __________ has traditionally used three primary methods to examine the heritability of mental disorders: (1) the family history method, (2) the twin method, and (3) the adoption method.
Behavior genetics
84
__________ refers to the way that a child reacts and self-regulates. Starting during infancy, the following five dimensions of this construct can be identified: fearlessness, irritability/ frustration, __________, and attentional persistence.
Temperament; positive affect.
85
The temperament dimension of fearfulness and irritability in infants has been found to correspond to the adult personality dimension of __________.
Neuroticism.
86
There are three perspectives on human nature and behaviour that have been particularly influential on the psychological perspective - what are they?
1. Psychodyanamic.
2. Behavioral.
3. Cognitive behavioral.
87
Sigmund Frued founded the __________________ school of thought.
Psychanalytic.
88
A key concept of psychoanalytic school of though is the ______________.
Unconcious.
89
These were the second generation of theories that stemmed in some important ways out of Freuds original psychoanalytic theory?
Psychodynamic perspectives.
90
In Psychanalytic theory, the resevori fo instinctual drives and the first structure to appear in infancy.
Id
91
__________________, which are constructive drives primarily of a sexual nature and which constitue the libido, the basic emotional and psychic energy of life.
Life instincts.
92
In psychanalytic theory, a term used to describe the instintctual drives of the id; the basic constructive energy of life, primarily sexual in nature.
Libido.
93
In psychoanalytic theory, these are the destructive drives that tend toward aggression, destruction, and eventual death.
Death instincts.
94
Demand that an instinctual need be immediately gratified regardless of reality or moral considerations.
Pleasure principle.
95
Gratification of id demands be means of imagery or fantasy without the ability to undertake the realistic actions needed to meet those instinctual demands.
Primary process thinking.
96
In psychoanalaytic theory, the rational part of the personality that mediates between the demands of the id, the constraints of the superego, and the realities of the external world.
Ego
97
Reality oriented rational processes of the ego for dealing with the external world and the exercise of control over id demands.
Secondary process thinking.
98
Awareness of the demands of the environmnet and adjustment of behavior to meet these demands.
Reality principle.
99
Concience; ethical or moral dimensions (attitudes) of personality.
Superego.
100
Inner mental struggles resulting from the interplay of the id, ego, and superego when the three subsystems are striving for different goals.
Intrapsychic conflicts.
101
Generalized feelings of fear and apprehension.
Anxiety.
102
Psychich mechanisms that discharge or soothe anxiety rather than coping directly with an anxiety-provoking situation; usually unconcious and reality distorting. Also called defense mechanisms.
Ego-defense mechanisms.
103
Cischarging pent-up feelings, often of hostility, on objects less dangerous than those arousing the feelings.
Displacement.
104
Attaching oneself in an unreasonable or exaggerated way to some person, or arresting emotional development on a childhood or adolescent level.
Fixation.
105
Attributing one's unnacaptable motives or characteristics to others.
Projection.
106
Using contriver explanations to conceal or disguise unworthy motives for one's behavior
Projection.
107
Using contrived explanations to conceal or disguise unworthy motives for on'es behavior.
Rationalization.
108
Preventing the awareness or expression of unaccaptable desires by an exaggerated adoption of seemingly opposite beahvior.
Reaction formation.
109
Retreating to an earlier developmental level involving less mature beahvior and responsibility.
Regression.
110
Preventing painful or dangerous thoughts from entering conciousness.
Repression.
111
Channeling frustrated sexual energy into substituive activities.
Sublimation.
112
According to Freudian theory, there are five sstages of this development, each characterized by a dominant mode of achieving sexual pleasure: the oral stage, the anal stage, the phallic stage, the latency stage, and the genital stage.
Psychosexual stages of development.
113
The first two years of life, the mouth is the principlal erogenous zone: An infants source of gratification is sucking, a process that necessary for feeding.
Oral stage.
114
From Ages 2-3 the anus privdes the major source of pleasurable stimulation during the time when toilet training is often going on and there are urges both for retantion and for elimination.
Anal stage.r
115
om ages 3-5 or 6 self manipualtion of the genitals provides the major source of pleasurable sensation.
Phallic stage.
116
From ages 6 to 12, sexual motivations recede in importance as a child becomes preoccupied with developing skills and other activities.
Latency period.
117
After puberty, the deeepest feelings of pleasure come from sexual relations.
Genital stage.
118
This psychoanalyst was much more concerned with how to ego performs its central functions as the "exexcutive" of personality. Refined and elaborated ego defense mechanism and put the ego at the foreground, giving it an important organizing role in personality development.
Anna Frued.
119
Psychodynamic theory emphasizing the importance of the ego- the "executive branch of the personality"-in organizing normal personality development.
Ego psychology.
120
In psychodynamic theory, this viewpoint focuses on an infant or young child's interactions with "objects" (eg. real or imagined people), as well as how they make symbolic representations of important people in their lives.
Object relations theory.
121
A child sybolically incorporates into his or her personality (through images and memories) important people in his or her life.
Introjection.
122
Approach to understanding abnormal behavior that views much of psychpathology as rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we develop while dealing with our interpersonl environments, it thuus focuses on our relationships, past and present with other people.
Interpersonal perspective.
123
Was the first person to formulate attachment theory.
John Bowlby.
124
Contemparary developmental and psychodyanamic theory emphasizing the importance of early experience with attachment relationships in laying the foundation for later functioning throughout life.
Attachment theory.
125
A theoreticla viewpoint organized around the theme that learning is central in determining human behavior.
Behavioral perspecetive.
126
Modification of behavior as a consequence of experience.
Learning.
127
A basic form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with an uncondtiioned stimulus (US) that naturally elicits an unconditioned response (UR). After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that elicits a conditioned response (CR).
Classical conditioning.
128
Gradual disappearance of a conditioned response when it no longer reinforced.
Extinction.
129
The return of a learned response at some time after extinction has occurred.
Spontaneous recovery.
130
This theorisst argued that if psychoogy was to become a true science, it would have to abandon the subjectivity of inner sensations and other "mental" events and limit itself to what could be objectively observed.
John B Watson.
131
School of psychology that formerly restricted itself primarily to the study of overt behavior.
Behaviorism.
132
Formulate the theory for operant conditioning.
B.F. Skinner.
133
(Instrumental) form of learning in which if a particular response is reinforeced, it becoms more likely to be repeated on similiar occassions.
Operant conditioning.
134
The process of rewarding desired responses.
Reinforcement.
135
Tendency of a response that has been conditioned to one stimulus to be elicited by other similiar stimuli.
Generalization.
136
Ability to interpret and respond differently to two or more similar stimuli.
Discrimination.
137
Learnig through observation alone without directly experiencing an unconditioned stimulus (for classical conditioning) or a reinforceent (for instrument conditioning).
Observational learning.
138
Maladaptive behavior is viewed as essentially the result of....
1. A failure to learn necesssaary adaptive behaviors or competencies, such as how to establish satisfying personal relationships.
2. The learning of ineffective or maladaptive responses.
139
This man developed an early cogntiive-behavioral perspective and placed considerable emphasis on the cognitive aspects of learning.
Albert Bandura.
140
Bandura stressed that human beings regulate behavior by internal symbolic processes. That is, we learn by ____________________.
Internal reinforcement.
141
Bandura's belief that one can achieve desired goals.
Self efficacy.
142
A theory of abnormal behavor that focuses on how thoughts and information processing can become distorted and lead to maladaptive emotions and behavior.
Cogntivie-behavioral perspective.
143
An underlying representation of knowledge that guides current processing of information and often leads to distortions in attention, memory, and comprehension.
Schema.
144
Our view of what we are, what we might become, and what is important to us.
Self schema.
145
We tend to work new experiences into our existing cogntiive framworks, even if the new information has to be reinterpreted or distorted to make it fit - a process known as...?
Assimilation.
146
Changing our existing frameworks to make it possible to incorporate new information that doesn't fit.
Accommodation.
147
When informaiton is processed outside of our awareness?
Noncoonciously.
148
Mental processes that are occurring without our being aware of them
Nonconcious mental activity.
149
When a persons behavior reveals that she or hw remembers a previously learned word or activity even thought she or he cannot consciously remember it.
Implicit memroy.
150
Process of assigning causes to things that happen.
Attribution.
151
Characteristic way in which an individual tends to assign causes to bad events or good events.
Attributional style.
152
When we are more lively to make internal, stable, and global attribtuions for positive rather than negative events.
Self serving bias.
153
In psychoanalytic theory of sigmund Freud, the _____________, which is the basic emotional and psychic energy of life, is believed to be constituted by life insticts.
Libido.
154
James is very disappointed that his wife has been less interested in having sex with him lately. One evening after his advances are declined, he has a childish temper tantrum about never getting his way in the bedroom. This demonstrates the ego-defense mechanism of __________.
Regression.
155
In an experiment, every time a participant sees the color red, they are given an electric shock. Over time, participants flinch as soon as they see the color red. Later in the experiment, the experimenter repeatedly shows the color red without pairing it with a shock. Eventually, participants stop flinching when they see the color red. In this experiment, red is the __________ and __________ is the process that happens when the color red is shown repeatedly without a shock.
Condtiioned stimulus, extinction.
156
The concept of reinforcement, which is the delivery of a reward or the removal of an aversive stimulus, is essential to the theory of ________________.
Operant conditioning.
157
These attachment styles are characterized by insecure, disorganized, and inconcsisten behaviour with the primary caregiver.
Disorganized or disoriented style of attachment.
158
Four types of parenting styles have been identified that seem to be related to different developmental outcomes for children. What are they?
1. Authoritative.
2. Authoritarian.
3. Permissive/ indulgent
4. Neglectful/ uninvolved.
159
The extent of discipline and monitoring versus leaving the children largely unsupervised.
Parental control.
160
This parenting style is with parents who are both very warm and very careful to set clear standards and limits on certain kinds of behaviours while allowing considerable freedom within these limits.
Authoritative style.
161
These parents are high in control but low on warmth.
Authoritarian style.
162
These parents are high in warmth but low on discipline and control.
Permissive/ indulgent style.
163
These parents are low in both warmth and on control.
Neglectful/ uninvolved style.
164
Wherein members of a certain group are not hired because of their personal characterstics.
Access discrimination.
165
Wherein certain types of people are gieen a job but are paid less and receive fewer oppotunities for promotion.
Treatment discrimination.
166
In a study of the effects of early life deprivation, children in a romanian orphanage demonstrated which of the following neurological patterns?
Lower total gray matter volume.
167
While the divorce rate around the world is about ___________ percent, the United states has the highest such rate of about ____________ percent.
20;40
168
This perspective is concerned with the impact of culture on the definition and manifestation of mental disorders.
The cultural perspective.
169
What section was added to the newest version of the DSM to take into account the role of culture in the experience and expression of mental illness?
Cultural formulation.
170
After being fired from their job and a recent fight with their spouse, they reported fatigue, weakness, and other physical complaints. In which country is this a common reaction to these types of events?
China.
171
Some researchers believe that individuals who develop schizophrenia are born with a vulnerability that can predispose the person to develop schizophrenia. If the person is exposed to certain life events, the likelihood that he or she will develop schizophrenia is increased. If these particular life events do not occur, the person most likely would not develop schizophrenia. This model for looking at the development of schizophrenia is called __________.
Diathesis stress model
172
Brittany's mother was a heroin addict who spent many years in prison. Brittany was raised in an impoverished, crime-ridden neighborhood by her maternal grandmother who adored Brittany and involved her in church and enrichment activities. Brittany is now a successful clinical social worker who is happily married. Some researchers would attribute her successful outcome to what is called a __________ of her grandmother.
Protective factor
173
Behavioral scientists that investigate and explain how factors such as genetics, neurobiology, and hormonal responses can influence psychopathology are using a __________ perspective.
Biological
174
Single genes tend to confer only very small influence on mental illness. Instead, risk for mental illness is determined by multiple genes and/or polymorphisms of those genes. Thus, vulnerability to mental illness is almost always __________.
Polygenic
175
Joelle has a genetic predisposition toward being shy. As a result, she tends to keep to herself, avoid eye contact with others, and not talk much in class. Her peers assume she's aloof because she does not start conversations with or try to hang out with them. As a result, they do not invite her to sit with them at lunch or to their birthday parties. This leads Joelle to think that her peers do not like her, and she becomes even less likely to start conversations with her peers. Which of the following is this an example of?
Genotype-environment correlation
176
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis results in secretion of __________, a hormone, in response to __________.
Cortisol; stress.
177
With twin method research, the concordance rate reflects __________.
The percentage of twins sharing the disorder or trait.
178
Which of the following neurotransmitters has been associated with pleasurable experiences and cognitive processes, and implicated in schizophrenia and drug addiction?
Dopamine
179
Which psychodynamic theory or perspective focuses on the impact of relationships with others during childhood and the introjection or symbolic incorporation of important people into a child's personality?
object relations theory.
180
The humanistic perspective places a strong emphasis on __________.
The individuals capactiy for puposeful self direction.
181
Which of the following perspectives shares some overlap with the humanistic perspective but takes on a less optimistic view of human beings?
Existential
182
Nina lived in an orphanage that provided her with minimal attention and care for the first two years of her life before being adopted into a loving and well-resourced home. Building on research discussed in the chapter, which of the following would likely represent her brain development later in childhood?
Her white matter volume would be similar to same-aged peers who never lived in an orphanage, but her gray matter volume would be lower.
183
Parents that are warm and set clear limits, but allow a degree of freedom within the limits are described as having a(n) __________ parenting style.
Authoritative
184
Kleinman found that Chinese people and Westerners experience stress very differently. Chinese people are most likely to report __________ in response to stress; Westerners typically report __________ in response to stress.
Physical problems such as fatigue or weakness; feeling depressed.
185
