Chapter 7

Question 1

Disturbances of mood that are intense and persistent enough to be clearly maladaptive.

Answer 1

Mood disorder.

Question 2

All mood disorders, extremes of emotion or _______________ - soaring elation or deep depression - dominate the clinical picture.

Answer 2

Affect.

Question 3

Emotional state characterized y extraordinary sadness and dejection.

Answer 3

Depression.

Question 4

Emotional state characterized b intense and unrealistic feelings of excitement and euphoria.

Answer 4

Mania.

Question 5

Sometimes and individual may have symptoms of mania and depression during the same time period. These are called?

Answer 5

Mixed episodes.

Question 6

Mood disorder in which a person experiences only depressive episodes, as opposed to bipolar disorder, in which both manic and depressive episodes occur.

Answer 6

Unipolar depressive isorder.

Question 7

Mood disorders in which a person experiences both manic and depressive episodes.

Answer 7

Bipolar disorder.

Question 8

Period of markeedly depressed mood or loss of interest in formerly pleasurable activities (or both) for at least 2 weeks, accompanied by other symptoms such as changes in sleep or appetite or feelings of worthlessness.

Answer 8

Depressive Episode.

Question 9

A condition in which a person shows markedly elevated, euphoric, or expansive mood, often interrupted by occassional outbursts of intense irritability of even violence that lasts for at least 1 week. In addition, at least three out of seven other designated smptoms must also occur.

Answer 9

Manic episode.

Question 10

A condition lasting at least 4 days in which a person experiences abnorally elevated, expansive, or irritable mood. At least three out of seven other designated symptoms similar to those in a manic episode must also be present but to a lesser degree than in mania.

Answer 10

Hypomanic episode.

Question 11

Moderate to severe modd disorder in which a person experiences only major depressive episodes but no hypomanic, manic, or mixes episodes. Single episode if only one; recurrent episode if more than one.

Answer 11

Major depressive disorder.

Question 12

A mental condition in whicha a person must be markedly depressed for most of every day for most days for at least 2 weeks. In addition, a total of at least five out of nine designated symptoms must also be present during the same time period.

Answer 12

Major depressive episode.

Question 13

True/ False: Rate of major depression are always much higher for women then men.

Answer 13

True.

Question 14

True/ False: Rates of bipolar disorder are related to socioeconomic class.

Answer 14

False, careful research has indicated that this is not true.

Question 15

Bipolar disorder occurs in alarming frequency in these artists?

Answer 15

Poets, writers, composers, and artists.

Question 16

People diagnosed with mania would be most accurately described as experiencing periods of ______________.

Answer 16

Exctiment and euphoria.

Question 17

The minimum required duration of symptoms for a depressive episode is __________ and the minimum required duration of symptoms for a manic episode is __________.

Answer 17

2 weeks; 1 week.

Question 18

A person who suffers from a less-severe form of mania that lasts for a minimum of 4 days might be described as experiencing __________. It is typically less disruptive of a person’s life than a full episode of mania

Answer 18

Hypomania.

Question 19

Which of the following is the most reasonable sociocultural explanation for the increased incidence of major depressive disorder in people from lower socioeconomic statuses?

Answer 19

Low SES leads to greater levels of adversity and life stress.

Question 20

The diagnostic criteria for major depressive disorder require that a person must be in a _________________________ and never have had a manic, hypomanic, or mixed episode.

Answer 20

Major depressive episode.

Question 21

Depressive episodes last about __________________ months if untreated.

Answer 21

6-9 months.

Question 22

Although most depressive episodes remit, depressive episodes often return at some point. This return of symptoms is of one of two types - what are they?

Answer 22

Relapse; and recurrence.

Question 23

Return of the smptoms of a disorder after a fairly short period of time.

Answer 23

Relapse.

Question 24

A new occurrence of a disorder after a remission of symptom.

Answer 24

Recurrence.

Question 25

Different patterns of symptoms that sometimes characterize major depressive episodes that may help predict the course and preffered treatments for the condition.

Answer 25

Specifiers (in mood disorders)

Question 26

A type of major depressive episode that includes marked symptoms of loss of interest or pleasure in almost all activities, play at least three of six other designated symptoms.

Answer 26

Major depressive episode with melancholic features.

Question 27

Major depression involving loss of contact with reality, often in the form of delusions or hallucinations.

Answer 27

Sever major depressive episode with psychotic features.

Question 28

Delusions or hallucinations that are consistent with a persons mood.

Answer 28

Mood congruent.

Question 29

A type of major depressive episode that includes a pattern of symptoms characterized by marker mood reactivity, as well as at least two out of four other designated symptoms.

Answer 29

Major depressive episode with atypical features.

Question 30

A subset of major depressive disorders that is characterized by severe disturbances in motor function.

Answer 30

Major depressive episode with catatonic features.

Question 31

A new DSM-5 disorder that involves long standing depressed mood (2 years or more). the disorder incorporates dysthymic disorder and chronic major depression from the DSM-IV-TR.

Answer 31

Persistent depressive disorder.

Question 32

This condition is diagnosed when a person with dysthymia has a superimposed major depressive episode.

Answer 32

Double depression.

Question 33

The average duration of persistent depressive disorder is ______________ years, but it can last for 20 years of more.

Answer 33

4-5 years.

Question 34

Bowlby's classic observations revealed that there are usualy four phases of normal response to the loss of a spouse or close family member - what are they? (Read only, no need to memorize.)

Answer 34

1. Numbing and disbelief. 2. Yearning and searching for the dead person. 3. Disorganization and despair that sets in when the person accepts the loss as permanent. 4. Some reorganization as the person gradually begins to rebuild his or her life.

Question 35

There is a greater likelihood of developing major depressing after the ____________ blues - especially if they are severe.

Answer 35

Postpartum.

Question 36

Marcela has been feeling depressed and down for most of the day, nearly every day, over the past two months. In addition to this low mood, she reports not being interested in doing anything, including watching soccer, even though her favorite soccer team made it to the World Cup. She also reports getting little to no sleep, not feeling hungry, having difficulty making decisions, and irrational guilt. Which of the following would preclude Marcela from qualifying for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder?

Answer 36

HAving experienced a hypomanic episode in the past.

Question 37

What is the relationship between the experience of depressive symptoms and significant levels of anxiety?

Answer 37

There is a very high level of comorbidity between depressive and anxiety disorders.

Question 38

How might one most aptly distinguish between a relapse and a recurrence of depressive symptoms?

Answer 38

A relapse is a re-emergence of previous symptoms; a recurrence is the emergence of a new episode of depression.

Question 39

According to research presented in this module, somewhere between __________ and __________ percent of adolescents experience either major depressive disorder or subclinical levels of depression at some point.

Answer 39

25;40

Question 40

____________________ have shown that the prevalence of mood disorders is approximately two or three times higher among blood relatives of persons with clinically diagnosed unipolar depression that it is in the population at large.

Answer 40

Family studies.

Question 41

A gene involved in the transmission and reuptake of serotonin, one of the key neurotransmitters involved in depression.

Answer 41

Serotoin transporter gene.

Question 42

This theory of depression states that depression was at least sometimes due to an absolute or relative deplation of one or both of these neurotransmitters at important receptor sites in the brain.

Answer 42

Monamine theory of depression.

Question 43

Negative beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive.

Answer 43

Dysfunctional beliefs.

Question 44

Dysfunctional beliefs that are rigid, extreme, and counterproductive and that are thought to leave one susceptible to depression when experiencing stress.

Answer 44

Depressogenic schemas

Question 45

Thoughts that are just below the surface of awareness and that involve unpleasant pessimistic predictions.

Answer 45

Negatiev automatic thoughts.

Question 46

Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future.

Answer 46

Negative cogntiive triad.

Question 47

Involves a tendency to think in extremes.

Answer 47

DIchotomous or all or none reasoning.

Question 48

A tendency to focus on one negative detail of a situation while ignoring other elements of the situation.

Answer 48

Selective abstraction.

Question 49

Involves jumping to a conclusion based on minimal or no evidence.

Answer 49

Arbitrary inference.

Question 50

A theory that animals and people exposed to uncontrollable aversive events learn that they have no control over these events and this causes them to behave in a passice and helpless manner when later exposed to potentially controllable events. Later extended to become a theory of depression.

Answer 50

Learn helplessness.

Question 51

Process of assigning causes to things that happen.

Answer 51

Attribution.

Question 52

Cognitive style involving a tendency to make internal, stable, and global attributions for negative life events.

Answer 52

Pessimistic attributional style.

Question 53

Refers to the process of going over and over in one's mind or going over a thoughts repeatedl time and time again.

Answer 53

Rumination.

Question 54

Who are more likely to ruminate when depressed - men or women?

Answer 54

Women.

Question 55

According to twin studies, monozygotic twins who have a co-twin with major depressive disorder are about __________ as likely as dizygotic twins to develop depression.

Answer 55

Twice

Question 56

Lavinia has been going through very difficult times lately, with both an increase in life stressors and the emergence of depressive symptoms. If her physician were to take a sample of blood from her, it is likely that she would find elevated levels of which stress hormone?

Answer 56

Cortisol

Question 57

Why is seasonal affective disorder much more common in the fall and winter months than in spring and summer?

Answer 57

Those seasons provide a reduction in the amount of available light.

Question 58

In a single word, what did Sigmund Freud feel was at the root of most people's symptoms of depression?

Answer 58

Loss

Question 59

Which researcher was the first to propose the idea of learned helplessness as being a significant contributing factor to the symptoms of a major depressive episode?

Answer 59

Martin Seligman.

Question 60

Mild mood disorder characterized by cyclical period of hypomanic and depressive symptoms.

Answer 60

Cyclothymic disorder.

Question 61

Who was the first person to introduce the term "manic-depressive insanity"?

Answer 61

Kraeplin

Question 62

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experience both manic (or mixed) episodes and major depressive episodes.

Answer 62

Bipolar I disorder.

Question 63

A condition in which a person is characterized by symptoms of both full blown manic and major depressive episodes for at least 1 week, whether the symptoms are intermized or alternate rapidly every few days.

Answer 63

Mixed episodes.

Question 64

A form of bipolar disorder in which the person experiences both hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes.

Answer 64

Bipolar II disorder.

Question 65

Bipolar disorder with recurrences in particular seasons of the year.

Answer 65

Bipolar disorder with a seasonal pattern.

Question 66

The duration of manic and hypoomanic episodes tends to be shorter than the duration of depressive episodes - about how long is the difference?

Answer 66

Three times as many days spent depressed as manic or hypomanic.

Question 67

A pattern of bipolar disorder involved at least four manic or depressive episodes per year.

Answer 67

Rapid cycling.

Question 68

__________ disorder is marked by repeated experiences of hypomanic symptoms for a period of at least __________.

Answer 68

Cyclothymic; 2 years.

Question 69

Why is a person who demonstrates symptoms of mania without any history of depression still given a diagnosis of bipolar disorder?

Answer 69

It is assumed that either they have had undiagnosed depressive symptoms or that such symptoms will occur in the future.

Question 70

In order for a person with bipolar disorder to be described as having a rapid cycling pattern, he or she would have to have at least __________ episodes of manic or depressive cycles in a given year.

Answer 70

4

Question 71

The average concordance rate for bipolar disorder is about __________ percent for monozygotic twins, compared to __________ percent for dizygotic twins.

Answer 71

60; 12

Question 72

In the 2004 World Mental Health Study conducted by the World Health Organization, the prevalence and characteristics of psychological disorders were examined in 20 different countries. The 12-month prevalence rate of depression was found to be lowest in __________.

Answer 72

Nigeria

Question 73

(MAOI's) Class of antidepressant drugs sometimes used for treating depression.

Answer 73

Monoamine-oxidase inhibitors.

Question 74

Medications used to treat depression, and sometimes anxiety disorder, that are thought to block the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at the synapse.

Answer 74

Tricyclic antidepressants.

Question 75

(SSRI's) A medication that inhibits serotonin and is used in the treatment of depression.

Answer 75

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.

Question 76

How long do antidepressant drugs usually take to work?

Answer 76

3-5 weeks.

Question 77

A common salt formed from a soft, silver-white metal; it has been found to reduce the symptoms of bipolar disorder although it has a number of negative side effects.

Answer 77

Lithium.

Question 78

Use of electricity to produce convulsions and unconciousness; a treatment used primarily to allegiate depressive and manic episodes. Also known as electroshock therapy.

Answer 78

Electroconvulsive therapy.

Question 79

A noninvasive technique allowing focal stimulation of the brain in patients who are awake. Breif but intense pulsating magnetic fields that induce electrical activity in certain parts of the cortex are delivered.

Answer 79

Transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 80

Involves implanting an electrode in the brain and then stimulationg that area with an electric curren.t

Answer 80

Deep brain stimulation.

Question 81

Therapy based on altering dysfunctional thoughts and cognitive distortions.

Answer 81

Cognitive behavioural therapy.

Question 82

The logic of this treatment is based on findings that people with recurrent depression are likelt to have negative thinking patterns activated when they are simply in a depressed mood.

Answer 82

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy.

Question 83

Treatment for depression in which the patient and the therapist work together to help the patient find ways to become more active and engaged with life.

Answer 83

Behavioural activation treatment.

Question 84

(IPT) A time limited psychotherapy approach that docuses on the interpsonal context and on building interperosonal skills.

Answer 84

Interpersonal therapy.

Question 85

Generally speaking, a person who has just started taking antidepressants should not expect to experience a significant reduction in depressive symptoms for about __________.

Answer 85

3-5 weeks.

Question 86

What type of therapy aimed at the treatment of depression involves meditation techniques that emphasize patients' awareness of unwanted thoughts, feelings, and sensations?

Answer 86

Mindfulness based cognitive therapy.

Question 87

Taking one's own life.

Answer 87

Suicide.

Question 88

(NSSI) Direct, deliberate destruction of body tissue in the absence of any intent to due.

Answer 88

Nonsuicidal self injury.

Question 89

The disorder that is most prevalent among those who die by suicide is __________.

Answer 89

Depression.

Question 90

Angelina, age 12, sits several times a week in a locked bathroom in her home and uses a razor blade to cut the inside of her thighs. The practice is painful to her, but she experiences that pain as a positive sensation rather than a negative one. Angelina's behavior would be classified as __________.

Answer 90

Nonsuicidal self injury (NSSI)

Question 91

Whereas suicide is relatively rare among children, the prevalence of such behaviors increases starting at around age __________ and continues to increase into the early- to mid-20s.

Answer 91

12

Question 92

Which figure, described in your text as the "godfather of suicide research," has written extensively about what constitutes a suicidal mind?

Answer 92

Schenidman.

Question 93

Recent neuroimaging research indicates that when suicidal people think about suicide, they show greater activation in brain regions associated with __________ compared to people who have no history of suicidal thoughts or behaviors.

Answer 93

Self referential thought.

Question 94

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has required pharmaceutical companies to place warnings on the packaging for antidepressant medications that state that these drugs might __________.

Answer 94

Increase the risk of sucidal behavour.

Question 95

Since the 1960s, the availability of competent assistance at times of suicidal crisis has been expanded through the establishment of __________.

Answer 95

Suicide hotlines.

Question 96

In classical Greece, a person who was extremely ill could __________.

Answer 96

petition the state and receive permission to end his life

Question 97

Which of the following mood disorders is the most prevalent in the United States?

Answer 97

Major depressive disorder.

Question 98

In what age group are rates of depression equal among males and females in the United States?

Answer 98

older adults/elderly

Question 99

__________ refers to the inability to experience pleasure.

Answer 99

anhedonia

Question 100

What do cyclothymic disorder and bipolar II disorder have in common?

Answer 100

They both involve periods of hypomanic symptoms.

Question 101

Which of the following may explain the lower prevalence rates of mood disorders in Nigeria compared to the United States?

Answer 101

People in Nigeria may be less willing to report symptoms of psychopathology because of stigma.

Question 102

Which of the following reasons most accurately describes why SSRIs tend to be prescribed more often than TCAs for depression?

Answer 102

TCAs can cause several unpleasant side effects.

Question 103

Approximately __________ percent of adolescents and young adults have engaged in at least one nonsuicidal self-injury behavior, often with the goal of decreasing high levels of distress and eliciting help from others.

Answer 103

15 to 20

Question 104

Which side-effect is Jason, age 14, more likely to experience than Alex, age 55, after starting antidepressant medication?

Answer 104

Suicidal thoughts.

Question 105

In the United States, the first state to pass a Death with Dignity Act in 1994 was __________. This gave physicians legal permission to prescribe a lethal dose of medication for a terminally ill patient to ingest on their own.

Answer 105

Oregon

Question 106

CBT and medications have been found to be similarly effective in the treatment of severe depression. However, __________.

Answer 106

CBT is associated with lower rates of relapse over a one year follow-up period after discontinuation of both treatments

Question 107

The __________, an area of the brain involved in selective attention, shows __________ in patients with depression.

Answer 107

anterior cingulate cortex; decreased volume and abnormally low levels of activation

Question 108

Which of the following is a possible side effect of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

Answer 108

Headaches.