Chapter 5 Flashcards
(136 cards)
1
Q
When we experience or perceive challenges to our physical or emotional well-being that exceed our coping resources and abilities, the pschological condition that results is typically referred to as __________.
A
Stress
2
Q
Adjustive demands that require coping behaviour on the part of an individual or group.
A
Stressors.
3
Q
Efforts to deal with stress.
A
Coping strategies.
4
Q
It is important to note that stress is fundementally an ____________ and ____________ constructu because it refeclts the interaction between the organism and the environment over time.
A
Interactive and dynamic.
5
Q
Negative stress, associated with pain, anxiety, or sorrow.
A
Distress.
6
Q
What are some individual characteristics that have been identified in improving a persons ability to handle life stress?
A
- Higher levels of optimism.
- Increased self esteem.
- Greater psychological control or mastery.
- Better social supports.
7
Q
What is the gene called that is linked to how likely it was that people would become depressed in the face of life stress.
A
5HTTLPR Gene
8
Q
True/ False: It was found that people who have the 5HTTLPR gene… those with the shorter “s/s” alleles were more likely to develop depression when they experienced four or more stressful life events than were people who had two “long” forms of these gene. (The l/l genotype.)
A
True.
9
Q
A persons ability to withstand stress without becoming seriously impaired.
A
Stress tolerance.
10
Q
At some level we all intuitively understand what makes one stress more serious than another. What are the key factos?
A
- The severity of the stressor.
- Its chronicity
- Timing
- How cloesly it affects out own lives.
- How expected it is.
- How controllable it is.
11
Q
True/ False: Research has shown that events that are unpredictable and unanticipated (for which no previously developing coping strategies are avaialble) are likely to place a person under severe stress.
A
True.
12
Q
Stressful situaton that approached or exceeds the adaptive capacities of an individual or a group.
A
Crisis.
13
Q
What is one advantage of the Life events and difficulties schedule (LEDS)?
A
It includes an extensive manual that provides rules for rating both acute and chronic forms of stress.
14
Q
This kind of health psychological and physical functioning after a potentially traumatic event is called ________________.
A
Resilience.
15
Q
True/ False: Whites vs. African Americans and some members of Latinos groups fared more poorly and showed lower levels of resilence after the 9/11 attacks.
A
False, whites fared better.
16
Q
Maggie, a senior in high school, got her first rejection from a college. To help reduce the anxiety she is experiencing, she decides to go for a long run every morning. In other words, running is a __________.
A
Coping strategy for Maggie.
17
Q
External demands that one might consider challenging or threatening are called __________, and the various effects they have an organism are called __________.
A
Stressors; stress.
18
Q
Quierra has recently been given a reprimand at her job. Her boss told her that if her performance does not improve immediately, she is going to be fired. She is understandably upset about this. The bad stress that this event has caused is called __________.
A
Distress.
19
Q
Research with rats demonstrated that those exposed to stressful tail shocks produced more __________, a stress hormone, after later exposure to a novel stressor. This research provides evidence that the effects of stress are __________.
A
Cortisol, cumulative.
20
Q
The positive physical and psychological responses that some people display when confronted with stress is called __________.
A
Resilience.
21
Q
The biological cost of adapting to stress. Under conditions of high stress our _________________ is high. When we are calm, our _____________ is low and our bodies are not experiencing any of the phsyiological consequnces of stress.
A
Allostatic load.
22
Q
Everday forms of stress can also elevate risk for heart disease and death. What is a good example of this?
A
Work related stress .
23
Q
System designed to mobilize resources and prepare for a flight of fight response.
A
Sympathetic-adrenmedullary system (SAM)
24
Q
Faced with the threat of a perceived stress, the body undergoes a cascade of biological changes. Two distinct systems are involved here, what are those two systems?
A
- Sympathetic adrenomedullary system (SAM)
- Hypothalamic pituitary adrenal system (HPA)
25
Human stress hormone released by the cortex of the adrenal glands.
Cortisal.
26
What are some disadvantages if the cortisol response is not shut off?
Cortisal can damage brain cells, especially the hippocampus.
27
Study of the interactions between the immune system and the nervous system and the infuence of these factors on behavior.
Psychoneuroimmunology.
28
A downregulation or dampenining of the immune system. This can be short or long term and can be triggered by injury, stress, illness, and other factors.
Immunosuppression.
29
The word immune comes from the Latin terms ______________, meaning "exempt".I
immunus.
30
The body's principal means of defending itself against the intrusion of foreign substances.
Immune system.
31
Generalized term for white blood cells involved in immune protection.
Leukocytes.
32
Generalized term for white blood cells involved in immune protection.
Lymphocyte.
33
A type of white blood cell, produced in the bone marrow, that is (along with T-cells) very important in the immune system. ______________ produce specific antibodies in response to specific antigens.
B cell.
34
A foreign body or an internal threat that can trigger an immune response.
Antigen.
35
A type of white blood cell that, when activated, can recognize specific antigens. ___________ play an important role in the immune system.
T cells.
36
When do T cells become activated?
When macrophages detect antigens and start to engulf and digest them.
37
The biological cost of responding to stress is called the __________ load.
Allostatic
38
Which hormone is released by the hypothalamus when the HPA pathway is stimulated?
corticotrphin-releasing hormone (CRH)
39
When she goes to graduate school, Nanji wants to study how the immune system and nervous system interact and how they are each impacted by stress. She would most likely apply to programs specializing in __________.
Psychoneuroimmunology.
40
Which type of leukocyte is responsible for the antibodies that respond to specific antigens?
B cells
41
Stress slows the healing of wounds by as much as _______ to _______%
24 - 40%
42
Small protein molecules that enable the brain and the immune system to communicate with each other. ___________________ can augment or enhance an immune system response or cause immunosuppression, depending on the specific __________ that is released .
Cytokines.
43
Cytokine splay in important role in mediating the inflammatory and immune respone They can be divded into two main categories - what are they?
Proinflammtory cytokines and antinflammatory cytokines.
44
What do proinflammatory cytokines do/
Help us deal with challenges to out immune system by augmenting the immune response.
45
What do anti-inflammaotry cytokines do?
Decrease or dampen the response that the immune system makes.
46
Cytokine production sets off a negative feedback loop that is deisnged to prevent an excessive or exaggerated immune or inflammatory response. True/Fals?
True.
47
A research strategy that examines whether and how variables go together (co-vary) without manipulating (changing) any variables.
Correlational research.
48
High levels of _________ in the liver signal widespread inflammation in the body.
CRP.
49
True/ False: Traumatic stressors that are experienced during childhood seem to increase risk of premature death later in life.
True.
50
People who had reported ______________ or more adverse events during their childhood diead much earlier than would have been expected based on estimated of standard life expectancy.
Six.
51
Human __________ are the protective ends of our chromosomes. they are made up of repeated sequences of DNA. Their presence protects the genes close to them from being damaged and trucated during cell division. __________ shorten as we age. Stress also reduces the length of them.
Telomeres.
52
True/ False: Stress does not shorten the length of telomeres.
False, it does.
53
__________ are small protein molecules that serve as chemical messengers and allow immune cells to communicate with each other.
Cytokines.
54
In 2005, Kiecolt-Glaser and her colleagues conducted a study of married couples in which people who were given blister wounds to their arm showed increased healing time when the body's production of __________ was inhibited by evoked marital conflict.
Proinflammatory cytokines.
55
According to the groundbreaking research by Brown and colleagues (2009), people who reported __________ or more adverse events during their childhood died, on average, 20 years earlier than normal life expectancy than those who did not.
six.
56
Increasingly, research suggests that stress shortens the length of telomeres, or the protective ends of chromosomes. What biological process has recently been shown to explain this effect?
Cortisol reduces activity of telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere length.
57
Excessive competitive drive even when it is unnecesarry, imptience or time urgency, and hostility.
Type A behavior pattern.
58
________ (for distessed) personality is characterized by high levels of negative emotions and social anxiety. Research suggests that type __________ personality is linked to heart attacks.
Type d personality.
59
People with heart disease are approximately ___________ times more likel than healthy people to be depressed.
three.
60
Depression also appears to be a ___________ for the develoment of Chronic heart disease.
risk factor.
61
____________ ctonkins also trigger the growth of plaques in the blood vessels as well as making it more likely that those plaques will rupture and cause a heart attack.
Proinflammatory
62
There is a ______________ relationship, meaning that the more chronic and sever the depression, the shorter telomeres were.
Dose-response.
63
Over the course of a 2 year follow-up study, sudden cardiac death was _______ times higher in the men with the highest levels of anixety.
Six.
64
In one study of people who had already suffered a heart atack, those who reported that they had low levels of _____________ support were almost three times more likely to experience another cardiac event.
Emotional
65
Negative emotions such as _______, anxiety, and anger may be especially important to avoid because they are associated with poor health.
Depression.
66
A new field that docuses on human traits (eg. optimism) and resources that are potentially important for health and well being.
Positive psychology.
67
IT was found that it was the people who were __________ able to control their anger who developed more heart problems during the next 10 to 15 years.
Least.
68
Psychological stress is known to trigger _________________ cytokine production. However, what these resarched were able to demonstreate is that individual difference in cognitive control (being better able to ignore distracting information) moderated this association.
Pro-inflammatory.
69
Which of the following factors appears to be protective against the negative consequences of psychological stress?
Self regualtion.
70
Why is it that long-term exposure to proinflammatory cytokines is associated with an increased risk of heart attack?
The cytokines trigger the growth of plaques in the blood vessels, and these plaques can rupture.
71
Research examining the importance of social support and the development of coronary heart disease (CHD) found that women who reported __________ on two separate occasions were 76 percent more likely to develop heart disease in subsequent years.
Loneliness.
72
The subspecialty of __________ psychology emphasizes the study of human traits and resources such as humor, gratitude, and compassion.
Positive
73
True/ False: Of those with major depression at the time of a heart attack, approximately one-half of those who have gone without treatment remain depressed or else have relapsed again 1 year later.
True.
74
Which of the following is the most important medical risk factor in predicting mortality for patients who have had a heart attack?
Depression.
75
Research into the effectiveness of writing about one's emotions has found that it may be helpful in speeding the process of recovering from a medical illness. One reason for this might be __________.
journaling about emotions helps people rethink problems or reduce how threatening the problems seem
76
Research by Schneider and colleagues (2005) has shown that the daily practice of Transcendental Meditation may be helpful in reducing __________.
Blood pressure.
77
Juliana has chronic headaches. To help her reduce the frequency of these headaches, she undergoes a treatment where she practices reducing her muscle tension and heart rate on command, which are monitored by her treatment provider, who then provides her with information about her performance. This is an example of what form of treatment?
Biofeedback.
78
The goal of __________ is to reduce anxiety by changing people's relationships with stressful thoughts and decreasing emotional reactivity.
Mindfulness based stress reduction.
79
A disorder in whch a person's response to a common stressor is maladaptive and occurs within 3 months of the stressor.
Adjustment disorder.
80
Disorder that occurs within 4 weeks after a traumatic event and lasts for a minimum of 2 days and a maximum of 4 weeks.
Acute stress disorder.
81
There are three DSM disorders discussed that follow the psychological consequnece of experiencing certain kinds of stress - what are they?
1. Adjustment disorder.
2. PTSD
3. Acute Stress disorder.
82
A condition that must exist for a disorder to occur.
Necessary cause.
83
An ______________ disorder is a psychological response to a common stressor (divorce, death of a loved one, loss of a job) that results in clinically significant behavioral or emotional symptoms.
Adjustment.
84
In an ______________, the persons symptoms lessen or dissappear when the stressor ends or when the person learns to adapt to the stressor. In the cases where the symptoms continue beyond 6 months, the diagnosis is usually changed to some other mental disorder.
Adjustment.
85
In the DSM-5 _________________ _________ _____________ was moved out the anxiety disorder section. It is now gruped with other disorder in a newly created diagnostic category called trauma and stressor related disorders.
Posttraumatic stress disorder.
86
PTSD is a disorder of _____________.
Nonrecovery.
87
The diagnosis of PTSD requires that symptoms must last for at least - how long?
1 month.
88
What is the primary distinction between a diagnosis of adjustment disorder and one of either acute stress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder?
whether the stressor is something common and the severity of the symptoms
89
After her boyfriend recently ended their two-year relationship, Mariette has been having difficulty coping. She feels that she "can't handle" this, even though she is still functioning adequately. Although the break-up is just two weeks old, she is visiting a therapist to help her deal with the stress. Which of the following might be the best diagnosis?
Adjustment disorder.
90
According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics (2013), the rates of unemployment for African Americans are __________ as high as they are for Caucasians.
Twice.
91
Why was there objection to inclusion of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the DSM when it was first proposed in 1980?
It was inconsistent with the atheoretical nature of the manual.
92
In PTSD a traumatic event is thought to cause a _____________________ that is at the center of the characteristic clinical symptoms associated with the disorder.
Pathological memory.
93
Criteria for PTSD: Recurrent reexperiencing of the traumatic event through nightmares, intrusive images, and physiological reactivity to reminder of the trauma.
Intrusion.
94
Criteria for PTSD: Efforts to avoid thoughts, feelings, and reminders of the trauma.
Avoidance.
95
Criteria for PTSD: This includes such symptoms as feelings of detachment as well as negative emotional states such as shame, or anger, or distorted blame of oneself or others.
Negative alterations in cognitions and mood.
96
Criteria for PTSD: Hypervigilance, excessive response when startles, aggression, and reckless behaviour.
Arousal and reactivity.
97
Estimates from the National comorbidity survery replication (NCS-R) suggests that the lifetime prevelance of PRSD in the United States is _______%
6.8
98
True/ False: The lifetime prevalance of PTSD is higher in women than in men.
True.
99
True/ False: Traumatic events that result from human intent (Such as rape) are more likely to cause PTSD than are traumatic events (such as accidents and natural disaters) that or not personal in nature.
True.
100
During world war II, truamatic reactions to combat were known as ________________ fatigue and __________________, before finally being terms combat fatigue or combat exhaustion.
Operational fatigue and war neuroses.
101
When it comes to risk for PTSD, we need to keep two things in mind - what are they?
1. The risk for experiencing trauma.
2. The risk for PTSD given that there has been exposure to trauma.
102
What are some risk factors for developing PTSD?
Being female, higher levels of neuroticism, havin preexisting problems with depression and anxiety, and having a family history of depression, anxiety, and substance abuse.
103
There is some very new evidence suggesting that peple who have disturbing thoughts or images about traumatic events that could happen ___________________ may be at elevated risk of developing PTSD later.
In the future.
104
What is one factor that may be protective and buffer against PTSD?
Good cognitive ability.
105
True/ False: Given that PTSD is a stress disorder, people with PTSD have high levels of stress hormone - cortisol.
False. Under conditions of imposed experimental stress, people with PTSD do seem to show an exaggerated cortisol response.
106
People with the __________ form of serotonin-transporter gener may be especially senstive to certain environmental experiences such as war zone stress, and that one consequence of this is that they become more attentive to negative stimuli.
S/S
107
True/ False: A brain area called the hippocampus seems to be reduced in size in people with PTSD.
True.
108
True/ False: Larger hippocampul volume may be a vulnerability factor for developing PTSD is people who are exposed to trauma.
False; smaller hippocampal volume is a risk factor.
109
Being a member of a _______________ group seems to place people at higher reisk for developing PTSD.
Minority.
110
Jayne was in a near-fatal car accident 6 weeks ago and has been diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder by her therapist. One of her symptoms—having regular nightmares about the accident—is an example of which major category of this condition?
Intrusion.
111
The minimum duration of disturbance that is required for a diagnosis of posttraumatic stress disorder is __________.
1 month.
112
Which branch of the United States military seems to have the highest problem with suicide, both attempted suicide and suicide deaths?
Army
113
Which of the following biological findings would seem the most surprising given the nature of posttraumatic stress disorder?
Baseline cortisol levels are often very similar between those with PTSD and healthy control participants.
114
ONe way to prevent PTSD is the reduce the frequency of __________________ events.
Traumatic.
115
Preventitive strategy that prepares people to tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things they say to themselves before the crisis.
Stress inoculation training.
116
Provision of psychological help to an individual or a group in times of severe and special stress.
Crisis intervention.
117
This is a breif, directive treatment method that is used in helping people who have undergone a traumatic situation. These session are usually conducted with small groups of trauma victims shortly after the incident for the purpose of helping them deal with the emotiaonl residuals of the event.
Debreifing sessions.
118
A behaviorually oriented treatment strategyt in which a patient is asked to vividly recount the traumatic event over and over until the patient experiences a decreas in his or her emotional response.
Prolonged exposure.
119
What is one problem of prolonged exposure training/
It has higher dropout rates than other training.
120
According to the authors, which of the following is one of the most important ways to reduce the frequency with which posttraumatic stress disorder occurs?
Lowerr the frequencet with which a traumtic event occurs.
121
__________ helps people tolerate an anticipated threat by changing the things that they say to themselves during a stressful event.
Stress inoculation training.
122
Which visuospatial video game was the focus of a research study by Holmes and colleagues (2009) examining the effects of distraction on consolidation of visual memories?
Tetris .
123
Although people who experience __________ sessions after a traumatic event often report satisfaction with the procedure, there is no substantial research that finds it to be effective at reducing symptoms of PTSD or hastening recovery in civilians.
Debreifing.
124
Marvin has been suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder since returning from combat in the military. He goes to his physician asking for medication to help reduce the symptoms. His physician tells him that only __________ medications have been found to produce modest benefits, and offers him a prescription for that medicine.
Antidepressants.
125
With people who work during the weekdays, heart attacks are most likely to occur on __________ due to __________.
Monday; stress associated with returning to work after the weekend
126
Chronic stress appears to impair the body's ability to respond to the signals that will terminate immune system reactivity. The result of this impairment is __________.
Inflammation
127
Jayden is a black male who works as a lawyer. Since childhood, he has experienced discrimination and unfair treatment because of his race. He recently found out that he has high blood pressure and early signs of cardiovascular disease despite exercising regularly and being relatively young. Building on preliminary research by Lewis and colleagues, Jayden would likely show higher levels of __________ in his liver.
C-reactive protein (CRP)
128
Research by Chida & Steptoe (2009) and Wong et al. (2013) found that a Type A behavior pattern component correlated with coronary artery deterioration. Which of the following was the behavioral correlate noted?
Hostility.
129
Danny, age 40, has been described by others as being prone to negative emotions. He is also insecure and anxious. Which personality type best fits the description of Danny's behaviors?
Type D.
130
Although depression is a greater risk factor than medical factors are in predicting mortality for patients who have already had a heart attack, many physicians fail to treat depression. This oversight has been attributed to the physician's tendency to __________.
dismiss the depression as an issue because it is perceived to be merely a consequence of having had a life-threatening medical event
131
Individuals who experience prolonged unemployment are at a greater risk for __________.
Attempting or dying by suicide.
132
Gene's husband died suddenly in an unexpected car accident with a large truck. After learning about the accident, Gene was extremely upset and for the following 4 months experienced symptoms of PTSD that were extremely distressing and interfered with his daily functioning. When asked, however, Gene reported that he did not experience feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror when learning of the event. Which of the following statements is true?
Gene's symptoms qualify for PTSD as defined by DSM-5 but not DSM-IV.
133
Demetrius is an Iraq War veteran diagnosed with PTSD who, while in Iraq, witnessed an army personnel carrier transporting U.S. soldiers explode. Since returning to the United States, Demetrius's wife, Shania, notes that her husband seems detached and blames himself for every mishap that occurs in the family. In which of the four PTSD symptom categories do the behaviors described by Shania fall?
negative alterations in cognitions and mood
134
Katrina, a police officer, has PTSD. She is working with a therapist who has her vividly recount the traumatic event she experienced on duty over and over at each therapy session. What type of treatment is Katrina participating in?
prolonged exposure
135
Which of the following most accurately describes some of the research on hippocampal volume and PTSD?
Reduced hippocampal volumes may be both a risk factor for and consequence of PTSD.
136
Which of the following treatments would likely have the highest rates of treatment dropout?
prolonged exposure for PTSD
