Chapter 4

Question 1

Three concepts that are important in understanding clinical assessment and the utility of psychological tests…. what are they?

Answer 1

Reliability, validity, and standardization.

Question 2

Degree to which a measuring device produces the same result each time it is used to measure the same thing or when two or more different raters use it.

Answer 2

Reliability.

Question 3

Consistency with which a test measures a given trait on repeated administrations of the rest to given subjects.

Answer 3

Test-retest reliability.

Question 4

A measure of the agreement between different raters, who assess the same person.

Answer 4

Inter-rater reliability.

Question 5

Extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it purports to measure.

Answer 5

Validity.

Question 6

In the context of testing or classification, ___________________ is the degree to which a measure tells us something additional abd meaningful about the person now or helps us predict the future course of the disorder.

Answer 6

Validity.

Question 7

True/ False: Validity of a mental health measure or diagnostic classification presupposes reliability.

Answer 7

True.

Question 8

Prcedure for establishing the expected performance on a test.

Answer 8

Standardization.

Question 9

A standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values.

Answer 9

T-Score distribtuion.

Question 10

A test of psychotic thinking that shows a person having a high score on two different testing sessions. What is this?

Answer 10

Test-retest reliability.

Question 11

A measure of marital satisfaction that is shown to predict divorce within the next two years. What is this?

Answer 11

Validity.

Question 12

A physician diagnosis a patient as experiencing an episode of major depression and makes a referral to a psychologists for treatment. The psychologist also diagnoses the patient as having major depression. What is this?

Answer 12

Inner rater reliability.

Question 13

A trainee therapist doesn’t have time to read the manual explaining the conditions under which a specific test should be administered. The therapist administer the test anyways. This a problem with….?

Answer 13

Standardization.

Question 14

What does a clinician attempt to do in the first client assessment?

Answer 14

Identify the main dimensions of a client’s problem and to predict the probable course of events under various conditions.

Question 15

Major symptoms and behavior the clients is experiencing.

Answer 15

Presenting problem.

Question 16

In order for psychological assessment instruments to be considered fair to the test-takes, the tests need to be _________________ sensitive.

Answer 16

Culturally.

Question 17

The ________________________ of a psychological tests is determined by whether the measure produces the same result if a given at a later time.

Answer 17

Reliability.

Question 18

If a psychological test is shown to measure the characteristics it was designed to predict it is considered to possess scale ______________.

Answer 18

Validity.

Question 19

When a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent manner it is considered to be ___________________.

Answer 19

Standardized.

Question 20

The major symptoms or behaviours that a client is experiencing are called the _________________.

Answer 20

Presenting problem.

Question 21

Aaron tends to be very shy and laid back, and is generally inhibited in social situations. As a result, his boss does not see him as a leader and Aaron is repeatedly overlooked for promotions; this has caused Aaron to be very anxious and somewhat depressed. In this case Aaron has a __________ factor that is influencing his mental health.

Answer 21

Personality.

Question 22

In addition to identifying patients’ presenting problems, behavioral histories, intellectual functioning, and environmental pressures, clinical assessments can help to determine which of the following?

Answer 22

Effectiveness of therapy.

Question 23

Nina is in seventh grade and currently refuses to go to school. She says she feels extreme anxiety at the thought of going to school, talking to her peers, and making it through the day. During the assessment, Nina reveals that she experiences a lot of bullying at school because of her lisp. This information highlights the importance of __________ in conceptualization of Nina’s psychological functioning.

Answer 23

Social factors.

Question 24

__________ involves integration of assessment information and the formation of hypotheses about what drives someone to behave in problematic ways. It also involves identifying the thoughts and behaviors that should form treatment targets to result in the most robust improvements.

Answer 24

Dynamic formulation.

Question 25

What factors have a significant impact on the assessment process; name three?

Answer 25

Role of culture, influence of professional orientation, and the trust and rapport between the clinician and client.

Question 26

Refers to a psychologists need to be informed of the issues involved in multicultural assessment.

Answer 26

Cultural competence.

Question 27

Rorschach ink blots would by used by a psychologists with this orientation?

Answer 27

Psychodynamic.

Question 28

Self monitoring would be used by a psychologists with this orientation?

Answer 28

Behavioral orientation.

Question 29

Dysfunctional thought records would be used by a psychologists with this orientation?

Answer 29

Cognitive orientation.

Question 30

A blood test would be used by a psychologist with this orientation?

Answer 30

Biological orientation.

Question 31

Dr. Summerly is working with Bo, a Korean boy, age 15. She decides to give him an intelligence test to assess his cognitive skills. She will need to remember to select a test that has been adapted and validated for a person from Korea. This sort of understanding of and attention to these factors is called __________.

Answer 31

Cultural competence

Question 32

Whereas a psychodynamic therapist might rely on the information from a projective test (e.g., Rorschach inkblots or Thematic Apperception Test), a humanistic therapist might rely more on the data gathered from an unstructured interview. This demonstrates the importance of __________ on the process of assessment and evaluation.

Answer 32

Professional Orientation.

Question 33

Clients who receive appropriate test feedback after an assessment tend to __________.

Answer 33

Improve

Question 34

This type of interview usually involves a face-to-face interaction in which a clinician obtains information about various aspects of a clients situation, behavior, and personality.

Answer 34

Clinical interview.

Question 35

Interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout.

Answer 35

Structured assessment interview.

Question 36

What is one advantage of a fully strcutured interview?

Answer 36

They can be used by either clinicians and lay interviewers who have no formal clinical training.

Question 37

True/False: A structured assessment interview yields far more reliable results than an unstructured or flexible format.

Answer 37

True.

Question 38

In this interview, the interviewer is required to ask questions in a specific order and in a specific way. Then, depending on the answer, the clinician will ask his or her own follow up questions designed to obtain more information.

Answer 38

Semi structured assessment interview.

Question 39

What is one drawback of a semi structured interview?

Answer 39

Requires much more interviewer training and takes longer to complete.

Question 40

These are typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow up questions are tailored for each client. The content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits and theoretical views of the interviewer.

Answer 40

Unstrctured assessment interviews.

Question 41

True/ False: One of the traditional and most useful assessment tools that a clinician has available is direct observation of a clients characteristic behaviour.

Answer 41

True.w

Question 42

These ______________ situations, which are deisnged to yield information about the persons adaptive strategies, might involve such tasks as staged role playing, event reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think aloud procedures.

Answer 42

Analogue situations.

Question 43

Form of assessment in which a person is instrcuted to play a part, enabling a clinician to observe a clients behaviour directly.

Answer 43

Role Playing.

Question 44

Observing and recording one's own behaviour, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings.

Answer 44

Self monitoring.

Question 45

Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self reports to encourage reliability and objectivity.

Answer 45

Rating scales.

Question 46

(BPRS) Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variables (Eg. Somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking.)

Answer 46

Brief psychiatric rating scale.

Question 47

Test used in establishing a subjects level of intellectual capability.

Answer 47

Intelligence test.

Question 48

These two tests are widely used in clinical settings for measuring the intellectual abilities of children.

Answer 48

The Wchsler Intelligence scale for Children-Revised (WISC-IV) and the Standford-Binet Intelligence Scale.

Question 49

This subtest consists of a list of words to define that are presented orally to the individual.

Answer 49

Vocabulary.

Question 50

In this test of short term memory, a sequence of numbers is administered orally.

Answer 50

Digit span.

Question 51

Techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a sibject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subjects personality characteristics can be analyzed.

Answer 51

Projective personality tests.

Question 52

Use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind. Analysis of these responses enables a clinican to infer personality characteristics.

Answer 52

Rorschach inkblot test.

Question 53

(TAT) Use of a series of simple pictures about which a subject is instructed to make up stories. Analysis of the stories gives a clinician clues about the persona conflicts, traits, personality dynamics, and the like.

Answer 53

Thematic apperception test.

Question 54

Projective technique utilizing incomplete sentences that a person is to complete, analysis of which enables a clinician to infer personality dynamics.

Answer 54

Sentence completion test.

Question 55

Structured tests, such as questionnaires, self inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment.

Answer 55

Objective personality tests.

Question 56

(MMPI) Widely used and emperically validated personality scale.

Answer 56

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory.

Question 57

Pretaining to or used in a court of law.

Answer 57

Forensic.

Question 58

According to research data, which type of assessment interview provides the most reliable results?

Answer 58

Structured.

Question 59

Because some clinical issues often cannot be observed in the real world, clinicians often use __________ situations. These can involve role-playing, reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures.

Answer 59

Analogue

Question 60

Intelligence testing, though a source of important information about cognitive functioning, suffers from a number of potential limitations. Which of the following is one of those issues?

Answer 60

Some clinical settings might not provide the time or funding to use these tests.

Question 61

A medical evaluation may include what types of two exams?

Answer 61

Physical examination and special examination.

Question 62

Use of psychological tests that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damaged.

Answer 62

Neuropsychological assessment.

Question 63

What are the key things to remember when it comes to neuropsychological tests?

Answer 63

That they are "performance based", with the person's being compared with "normative standards."

Question 64

Measures' a subjects ability to learn and remember material and can provide clues as to his or her judgement and impulsivity.

Answer 64

Halstead Category Test.

Question 65

Measures a subjects motor speed, response to unfamiliar, and ability to learn and use tactile and kinesthetic cues.

Answer 65

Tactual performance test.

Question 66

Determines whether an indiviual can identify spoken words. Nonsense words are presented on a tape recorder, and the subject is asked to identifty the presented word in a list of four printed words.

Answer 66

Speech sounds perception test.

Question 67

Measures the speed at which an individual can depress a lever with the index finger.

Answer 67

Finger oscillation task.

Question 68

(EEG) Grphical record of the brain's electrical activity obtained by placing electrodes on teh scalp and measuring the brain wave impulses from various brain areas.

Answer 68

Electrencephalogram.

Question 69

What is the major advantage of an EEG? What does that mean?

Answer 69

It has good temporal resolution. Changes in the brain can be recorded almost immediately after they occur.

Question 70

(CT) A specialized technique that is often used in a clinical contaxt, During the CT scan the person is placed into a CT scanner. X-ray measurements are then taken at various angles and combined to provide more detailed information than that giveen by a conventional X-ry.

Answer 70

Computer tomography.

Question 71

(MRI) Internal scanning techniques involving measurement of variations in magnetic fields that allows visualization of the anatomical features of internal organs, including the central nervous system and particularly the brain.

Answer 71

Magenetic resonance imaging.

Question 72

What is a major advantage of an MRI?>

Answer 72

Does not involve radiation and can be safely used on a wide range of people.

Question 73

(fMRI) Internal scanning technique that measures changes in local oxxygenation (blood flow) to specific areas of brain tissues that in turn depend on neuronal activity in those specific regions, allowing the mapping of psychological activity such as sensations, images, and thoughts.

Answer 73

Functional MRI.

Question 74

(PET) Scanning technique that measures metabolic processes to appraise how well an organ is functioning.

Answer 74

Positron emission tomorgraphy scan.

Question 75

An __________ is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity

Answer 75

EEG

Question 76

Which neuroimaging technique provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds, such as glucose, as they are metabolized by the brain or other organisms?

Answer 76

PET scan

Question 77

Dr. Williamson believes that the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can help determine the exact neurological functions that underlie various psychiatric conditions. He has often said "soon fMRI will replace all other diagnostic methods for determining psychopathology." What does this chapter state about this claim?

Answer 77

The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation.

Question 78

What are 5 ethical issues in assessment?

Answer 78

1. Potential culutral bias of the instrument or the clinician. 2. Theoretical orientation of the clinician. 3. Underemphasis on the external situation. 4. Insufficient validation. 5. Innacurate data or premature evaluation.

Question 79

Some psychological tests may not elicit valid information for a patient from a minority group - what ethical issue in treatment is this?

Answer 79

Potential cultural bias of the instrument of the clinician.

Question 80

Assessment is inevitably influences by a clinicians assumptions, perceptions, and theoretical orientation. What ethical issue in treatment is this?

Answer 80

Theoretical orientation of the clinician.

Question 81

Many clinicians overemphasize personality traits as the cause of patients problems without paying enough attention to the possible role of stressors and other circumstances in the patients life situation. What ethical issue in treatment is this?

Answer 81

Underemphasis on the external situation.

Question 82

Some psychological assessment procedures in use today have not been sufficiently validated. What ethical issue in treatment is this?

Answer 82

Insufficient validation.

Question 83

There is always the possibility that some assessment data-and any diagnostic label or treatment based on them - may be inaccurate or that the team leader might choose to ignore tests data in favor of other information. What ethical issue in treatment is this?

Answer 83

Inaccurate data or premature evaluation.

Question 84

This approach seeks to classify behavior into distinct categories.

Answer 84

The categorical approach.

Question 85

This is the concurrent presence of two or more disorders in the same person.

Answer 85

Comorbidity.

Question 86

In the _______________, it is assumed that a persons typical behavior is the product of the differing strengths or intensities of definable dimesnions such as mood, emotional stability, aggressiveness, clarity of thinking and communication, social introversion, and so on.

Answer 86

Dimensional approach.

Question 87

What is one advantage of the dimensional approach?

Answer 87

It preserves information about variability.

Question 88

A ________________ is a conceptual entity that represents the "perfect case" or "theoretically ideal" case. In this way it provides a standard against which individuals can be compared in order to assign them to a particular category.

Answer 88

Prototype.

Question 89

What are the two major classification systems in use today?

Answer 89

1. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 2. International classification of diseases.

Question 90

Patients subjective description of a physical or mental disorder.

Answer 90

Symptoms.

Question 91

Having an agreed-upon __________ allows professionals to be confident that they are communicating clearly with each other and with laypersons.

Answer 91

Classification system.

Question 92

Which of the following is an assumption of the categorical approach to classification?

Answer 92

All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "disordered".

Question 93

A(n) __________ is a conceptual entity depicting an idealized combination of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together in a less-than-perfect or standard way at the level of actual observation.

Answer 93

Prototype.

Question 94

Which classification system is widely used in Europe and other countries to assist with the assessment and diagnosis of a mental disorder?

Answer 94

ICD-11

Question 95

Dr. Beggs wanted to determine if her patient was depressed. To assess this, she administered a test where her patient did as many jumping jacks as she could within a minute on four different occasions. Her patient completed almost the exact same number of jumping jacks each time. However, this test was not associated with her patient's depressive symptoms. Dr. Beggs's test showed good __________ but poor __________.

Answer 95

Reliability, validity.

Question 96

In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of ________.

Answer 96

Validity

Question 97

Research has supported the position that __________ assessment interviews yield more reliable results than do __________ assessment interviews.

Answer 97

Structured; unstructured.

Question 98

Compared to structured interviews, semi-structured interviews tend to produce diagnoses with greater __________. However, a downside of semi-structured interviews is that they require extensive __________.

Answer 98

Validity; training.

Question 99

One of the criticisms of the norms of the Rorschach Inkblot Test is that __________.

Answer 99

the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are

Question 100

Why are neuropsychological assessments insufficient for diagnosis of mental disorders?

Answer 100

Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests.

Question 101

The psychiatric classification system presently used in the United States is __________.

Answer 101

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

Question 102

In psychiatric diagnosis, the term symptoms refers to __________; the term signs refers to __________.

Answer 102

the patient's subjective description of the problem; the diagnostician's objective observations