Chapter 6 Flashcards
(113 cards)
1
Q
A general feeling of apprehension about possible future danger.
A
Anxiety
2
Q
A basic emotion that involves the activation of the “fight or flight” response of the sympathetic nervous sytem.
A
Fear
3
Q
What is the difference between fear and anxiety?
A
Fear is an alarm reaction to immediate danger. Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension about possible future danger.
4
Q
These disorders affect around 29% of the general population and are the most common category of disorders for women and the second most common for men.
A
Anxiety disorders.
5
Q
A severe, intense fear response that appears to come out of the blue; it has many physical and cognitive symptoms such as fear of dying or losing control.
A
Panic attack.
6
Q
The symptoms of a panic attack are nearly identical to those experienced during a state of fear except….?
A
Panick attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom .
7
Q
Fear and panic have three components, what are they?
A
- Cogntive/subjective components.
- Physiological components (Eg. Increased heart rate or heavy breathing.)
- Behavioral componenets (eg. A strong urge to escape or flee.)
8
Q
What is adaptive value of anxiety?
A
Helps us plan or prepare for a possible threat.
9
Q
What is the primary difference between a fear response and a panic attack?
A
Panic attacks are accompanied by a subjective sense of impending doom or fear of losing control that is not usually present during a fear response.
10
Q
Which response pattern is described as a complex blend of unpleasant emotions and cognitions that is veru diffuse and oriented to the future?
A
Anxiety.
11
Q
A _______________ occurs in the absence of any external threat.
A
Panic attack.
12
Q
Diana and her family decide to go camping for the weekend. When Diana wakes up and steps out of her tent, she sees a bear with its back turned to her, going through their trash. She immediately freezes, her heart rate increases, and then she steps back into the tent quietly to make sure the bear does not hear or see her. This response would be considered a __________.
A
Fear response.
13
Q
An unrealistic, irrational fear or anxiety of disabling intensity. DSM-5 recognizes 11 types of these disorders.
A
Anxiety disorders .
14
Q
People with specific or ______________________ experience a fear or panic response not only when they encounter the object or situation that they fear, but also in response to even the possibility of encountering their phobic situation.
A
Social phobias.
15
Q
Peoples with __________ ______________ experience both frequent panic attacks and intense anxiety focused on the possibility of having another one.
A
Panic disorder.
16
Q
People with _________________ go to great lengths to avoid a variety of feared situations, rnaging from open streets and bridges to crowded public places.
A
Agorophobia.
17
Q
People with _____________ _______________ _______________ mostly experience a general sense of diffuse anxiety and worry about many potentiall bad things that may happen; some may also experience an occassional panic attack, but it is not the focus of their anxiety.
A
Generalized anxiety disorder.
18
Q
A proneness or disposition to experience negative mood states that is a common risk factor for btoh anxiety and mood disorders.
A
Neuroticism
19
Q
The brain structure most centrally involved in most disorders are generally the?
A
Limbic system and certain parts of the cortex.
20
Q
The neurotransmitter substances that are most centrally involved in most disorders are…?
A
Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), norepinephrine, and serotonin.
21
Q
Medications also can be useful in treating all disorder except specific phobias, and nearly all tend to fall into two primary categories - what are they?
A
Antianxiety medications (Anxiolytics) and antidepressant medications.
22
Q
Persistent and disproportionate fear of some specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger.
A
Phobia
23
Q
There are three main categories of phobias - what are they?
A
- Specific phobia.
- Social anxiety.
- Agoraphobia.
24
Q
Which type of anxiety disorder is marked by a persisten and disproprtionate fear of a specific object or situation that presents little or no actual danger?
A
Specific phobia.
25
What is no longer considered an anxiety disorder in the DSM-5?
Obsessive compulsive disorder.
26
_______________________ involves a pervasive sense of anxiety and worry across many different areas of life.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
27
Persistent or disproprtionate fears of various objects, places, or situations, such as fears of situations (airplanes or elevators), other species (snakes or spiders), or aspects of the environment (high places, water).
Specific phobia.
28
Persistent and disproprtionate fear of the sight of blood or injury, or the possibility of having an injection. Afflicted persons are likely to experience a drop in blood pressure and sometimes faint.
Blood injection injury phobia.
29
Simply watching a phobic person behaving fearfully with his or her phobic object can be distressing to the observer and can result in fear being transmitted from one person to another through _________________.
Vicarious conditioning.
30
Primates and humans seem to be ____________________ to rapidly associate certain objects - such as snakes, spiders, water, and enclosed spaces - with frightening or unpleasant events.
Evolutionary prepared.
31
The view that people are biologically prepared through evolution to more readily acquire fears of certain objects or situations that may once have posed a threat to our easrly ancestors.
Prepared learning.
32
A technique in psychological treatment of anxiety disorders that involves exposing the patient to the feared object or context without any danger in order to overcome the anxiety.
Exposure therapy.
33
This drug has been shown in animal studies to faciltate extinction of conditioned fear in animals.
D-cycloserine.
34
Marita has a tremendous fear of baseball hats. She is not afraid of any other kind of hat, and in fact she wears stylish hats on a regular basis. When she is near a person wearing a baseball cap, however, she gets very upset and has to move away from them. She cannot explain why this fear exists and recognizes it to be irrational. Marita has had relationships end because of this fear in the past. What would be the best diagnosis for Marita's fear?
Specific phobia.
35
Gjabolla has been suffering from a terrible fear of lightning for some time now. Whenever there are storms in the weather forecast, she gets very upset and plans on spending the duration of that time in her basement. She has even called in sick to work to avoid going out during a bad thunderstorm. How long would these symptoms have to persist before a diagnosis of a specific phobia could be made?
6 months.
36
Jonah has a crippling fear of thunderstorms. Even though he is in his teens, thunder and lightning cause him to retreat to his bedroom where he will hide under his bed covers until the storm ends. Jonah's mother has had a lifelong fear of thunderstorms since one of her siblings was struck by lightning and killed when she was young. According to learned behavior theory, how did Jonah's phobia develop?
Through vicarious conditioning.
37
How would a psychoanalytic theorist explain the emergence of a specific phobia?
Phobias are a defense against anxiety that stems from repressed id impulses.
38
From an evolutionary perspective, phobias are a result of __________ learning, which suggests that humans and other animals that rapidly learn to fear certain threatening objects or situations would have a selective advantage over other members of the species.
Prepared.
39
Fear of situations in which a person might be exposed to the scrutiny of others and fear of acting in a humiliating or embarrassing way.
Social anxiety disorder.
40
This is the most common type of social anxiety.
Fear of public speaking.
41
The DSM-5 identifies two subtypes of social anxiety - what are they?
1. One which centers on performance situations such as public speaking.
2. One of which is more general and includes nonperformance situations (such as eating in public).
42
What percent of the population meets the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder ?
12%
43
Cognitive behavioural therapy techniques that aim to change a person's negative or unrealistic thoughts and attributions.
Cognitive restructuring.
44
The most widely and recognized use of medications for social anxiety disorder is?
Antidepressants.
45
Anthony has a tremendous and irrational fear of using a public restroom. No matter what his bathroom needs are, he is intensely afraid that he will embarrass or humiliate himself when using a public facility. This has led to significant disturbances in his personal and professional life. What might be the best diagnosis for Anthony's particular problem?
Social anxiety.
46
The frequency with which those suffering from social anxiety disorder can recall a specific traumatic experience as being at the root of their fear speaks to the importance of __________ in the development of such a condition.
Classical conditioning.
47
From a(n) __________ perspective, people with social anxiety would naturally fall toward the lower end of socially-constructed dominance hierarchies.
Evolutionary.
48
From a biological model of social anxiety, __________ is the most important individual temperamental variable.
BEhavioural inhibition.
49
Dr. Johnson is working with her patient to help reduce her symptoms of social anxiety. A key part of her treatment involves teaching her patient to uncover and, over time, adjust the automatic thought that she will "just sound dumb" if she talks at a party. What treatment technique is Dr. Johnson using?
Cogntive restructuring.
50
Occurrence of repeated unexpected panic attacks, often accompanied by intense anxiety about having another one.
Panic disorder.
51
Fear of being in places or situations where a panic attack may occur and from which escape would be physically difficult or psychologically embarrassing, or in which immediate help would be unavailable in the event that some mishap occurred.
Agoraphobia.
52
Panic disorder is about twice as prevalent in this gender?
Women.
53
Panic disorder is a strong predictor of ____________?
Suicidal behaviour.
54
The biological causal factors of panic disorder include what three things?
1. Genetics.
2. Brain activity.
3. Biochemical abnormalities.
55
A collection of nuclei that are almond shaped and that lie in front of the hippocampus in the limbic system of the brain. It is involved in the regulation of emotion and is critically involved in the emotion of fear.
Amygdala.
56
The ________________ (also a part of the limbic system, below the cortex, which is very involved in the learning of emotional responses is thought to generate this conditioned anxiety and is probably also involved in the learned avoidance associated with agoraphobia.
Hippocampus.
57
A variety of biological challenge procedures that provoke panic attacks at higher rates in people with panic disorder than in people without panic disorder.
Panic provocation procedures.
58
Two primary neurotransmitter systems are most implicated in panic attacks - what are they?
1. Norandregenic
2. Sertonergic systems.
59
These ______________ _____________________, as Beck calls them, are in a sense the triggers of panic.
Automatic thoughts.
60
True/ False: People with panic disorder are much more likely to interpret their bodily sensation in a catastrophic manner, and the greater the tendency to do so, the greater the severity of panic.
True.
61
This term refers to a learning process that is similiar to calssical conditioning. It involves two conditioned stimuli and one unconditioned response.
Interoceptive conditioning.
62
Modifying the perception of environmental stimuli acting on the body.
Exteroceptive conditioning.
63
A personality trait involving a high level of belief that certain bodily symptoms may have harmful consequences.
Anxiety sensitivity.
64
______________ ____________________ reflects how large the effects of a particular treatment or intervention are with respect to how much meaningful change they provide in a person's level of functioning or well being.
Clinical significance.
65
Meaning deliberate expsoure to feared internal sensations.
Interoceptive exposure.
66
Although a panic attack may last for as long as an hour or more, it typically reaches its peak intensity within __________ minutes.
10
67
Vincent, age 32, has recently experienced a panic attack for the first time in his life. He is worried that he will now develop a full-blown case of panic disorder. He should know that __________ percent of adults have had a panic attack, but most do not go on to develop panic disorder.
23
68
Which part of the brain stem has been implicated in the neurobiology of panic attacks?
Locus coeruleus.
69
What evidence exists that nocturnal panic attacks are not specifically related to threatening or scary dreams?
They typically occur during stage 2 and early stage 3 sleep.
70
Chronic excessive worry about a number of events or activities, with no specific threat present, accompanied by at least three of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
71
People with ______________________ live in a relatively constant, future oriented mood state of anxious apprehension, chronic tension, worry, and diffuse uneasiness that they cannot control.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
72
Why is GAD distinct from other anxiety disorders?
Anxiety is more persistent, whereas other anxiety disorders it is more episodic.
73
The biological factors involved in GAD can be attributed to - what three things?
Genetics, neurotransmitter abnormalities, and nuerobiological differences.
74
An anxiety producing hormone called ______________ has also been strongly implicated as playing an important role in generalized anxiety.
Corticotropin releasing hormone.
75
Luca is continually worried, but he cannot quite explain what he is upset about. He feels that there is always a reason to be anxious, and finds that his attempts to control this worry are unsuccessful. This has been going on more days than not for over a year. Luca may be suffering from __________.
Generalized anxiety disorder.
76
Research has found that classic symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder seem to disappear after the age of __________ for many people.
50
77
Dr. Mackelroy is seeing a client who suffers from the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The therapy has focused on helping this client try to control her worries and anxiety-producing thoughts. What is a possible negative outcome of such an approach?
It may lead to a paradoxical increase in intrusive thoughts and an enhanced perception of the client's inability to control them.
78
A functional deficiency in which neurotransmitter has been found to be associated with the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder?
GABA
79
True/ False: Obsessive compulsive and related disorders used to be classified as anxiety disorder, however, as of the DSM-5 they have been classified seperately as their own type of disorder.
True.
80
Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent intrusion of unwanted and intrusive thoughts of distressing images; these are usually accompanied by compulsive behaviors deisnged to neutralize the obsessive thoughts or images or to prevent some dreaded event or situation.
Obsessive compulsive disorder.
81
Persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that a person experiences as disturbing and inappropriate but has difficulty suppressing.
Obsessions.
82
Overt repetitive behaviors (such as hand washing or checking) or more covert mental acts (such as counting, praying, saying certain words silently, or ordering) that aperson feels driven to perform in response to an obsession.
Compulsions.
83
Many _______________ involve contamination fears, fears of harming onself or others, and pathological doubt.
Obsessive thoughts.
84
There are five primary types of compulsive rituals - what are they?
Cleaning, checking, repeating, ordering or arranging, and counting.
85
Simply having the thought about doing something is morally equivalent to actually having done it. This is known as?
Thought-action fusion.
86
OCD has been linked primarily to what structure in the brain?
Basal ganglia.
87
This portion of the brain is the "stuff of obsession?""
Orbital frontal cortex.
88
A method of treatment for obsesive compulsive disorder that combines intense exposure of the patient to feared conditions and then they are asked not to respond by engaging in their usual rituals to the feared sitmuli.
Expsure and response prevention.
89
What is a major disadvantage to medications within people experiencing OCD?
Relapse rates are very high.
90
Obsession with some perceived flaw or flaws in one's appearance.
Body dysmorphic disorder.
91
A new DSM-5 diagnosis characterized by long standing difficulties discarding possessions, even those of little value.
Hoarding disorder.
92
Chronic pulling out of one's own hair.
Trichtillomania.
93
__________ are persistent and recurrent intrusive thoughts that are experienced as disturbing, inappropriate, and uncontrollable. __________, on the other hand, involve repetitive behavior or mental rituals that a person feels driven to perform.
Obsessions, compulsions.
94
Childhood or early adolescent onset of obsessive-compulsive disorder is more common in __________ and is often associated with greater severity.
Boys than in girls.
95
Neurological research into physical causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder has found that abnormalities occur in the basal ganglia of those with the condition. Why would this be related to OCD?
The basal ganglia are linked at the amygdala to the limbic system, which controls emotional behaviors.
96
What is the most effective treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder?
Exposure and response prevention.
97
Which culture-specific disorder features many of the symptoms of a panic attack, but also includes episodes of bursting into tears, anger, and uncontrollable shouting?
Ataque de nervios.
98
According to the WHO's World Mental Health Survey Consortium, with the exception of __________, anxiety disorders are the most frequently reported psychological disorder in nations around the world.
Ukraine.
99
Which of the following psychological disorders is most similar to taijin kyofusho?
Social anxiety disorder.
100
Which of the following anxiety response components involves general avoidance of an upsetting stimulus?
Behavioral.
101
__________ conditioning can be used to explain that the development of a phobia is transmitted when one person observes another person behaving in a phobic manner and then adopts that same fear of the stimulus.
Vicarious.
102
What has research repeatedly found to be the best way of treating a specific phobia?
Exposure therapy.
103
Which of the following most accurately describes outcomes of using D-cycloserine in the treatment of specific phobias?
When used alongside exposure therapy, D-cycloserine enhances the treatment of specific phobias.
104
Results of a large study of children with parents with an emotional disorder found that those high on __________ between 2 and 6 years of age were nearly three times more likely to be diagnosed with social anxiety disorder than were children low on this trait.
behavioral inhibition.
105
Exposure to which two factors seems to play an important role in the development of social anxiety?
Uncontrallability and unpredictability.
106
Although it does not always occur, __________ is a frequent complication of panic disorder.
Agorophobia.
107
Which theory of panic proposes that people who are hypersensitive to bodily sensations, and who interpret those sensations in a catastrophic manner, are more prone to developing panic disorder?
Cogntive theory of panic.
108
Ruth, age 72, is visiting the office of a psychotherapist to deal with some recent problems related to anxiety. Given the rates of anxiety disorders in older adults, which of the following is she most likely to be dealing with?
Generalized anxiety disorder.
109
The effects of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) on generalized anxiety disorder seem to be influenced by CRH's influence on a part of the brain called the __________, which has an important influence on one's ability to mediate generalized anxiety.
bed nucleus of the stria terminalis.
110
Jennifer has a very unusual problem. She feels compelled to pull out her own hair, both the hair on her head as well as hair on different parts of her body. This has led to embarrassing bald spots, skin irritations, and occasional bleeding in the past. Jennifer is now in treatment for __________.
Trichotillomania.
111
Which of the following parts of the body is the most frequent target of concern for people with body dysmorphic disorder?
Skin
112
Unlike in the United States, the sources of worry in GAD seem to vary across cultures. For example, in Yoruba, __________.
Worries center on creating and maintaining a large family.
113
