Chapter 3

Question 1

You have to have ___ to have life.

Answer 1

carbon

Question 2

Why is carbon important?

Answer 2

Can bond up to four atoms (covalent)

Carbon backbones leads to diverse molecular shapes

Question 3

What is a condensation reaction?

Answer 3

combines small, similar subunits (monomers) into larger chain molecules (polymers), forms H20

Question 4

What is hydrolysis?

Answer 4

H20 breaks polymers into smaller monomers

Question 5

What are macromolecules?

Answer 5

organic polymers of life

Question 6

Macromolecules include?

Answer 6

carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nuclear acids (RNA, DNA)

Question 7

What is the most abundant of the macromolecules?

Answer 7

carbohydrates

Question 8

Why are carbohydrates important?

Answer 8

energy and energy storage
cell identification
cell structure

Question 9

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 9

contain hydroxyl and carbonyl groups
used for energy/building units
water soluble, form rings in solution

Question 10

What is polysaccharide functions?

Answer 10

energy storage
structure
alpha and beta glucose

Question 11

Functions of lipids

Answer 11

insulation, padding, energy, vitamin transport, construction of sex hormones, “ “ cell membranes, production of vitamin D

Question 12

Average american consumes how much sugar a day/year?

Answer 12

1/3lb day

140lbs year

Question 13

Carb types?

Answer 13

monosaccharides
short chain carbs
polysaccharides

Question 14

Greasy, oil lipids are?

Answer 14

hydrophobic nonpolar molecules

Question 15

What is insoluble in water?

Answer 15

greasy, oil lipids

Question 16

What do lipids consist of?

Answer 16

carbons & hydrogen

many - fatty acids

Question 17

What are fats composed of?

Answer 17

3 fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule

Question 18

Where are fats stored?

Answer 18

adipose tissue (for padding)

Question 19

What are saturated fats?

Answer 19

solid at room temperature
no double bonds
stack together (butter, cheese)

Question 20

What are unsaturated fats?

Answer 20

liquid at room temperature

1 or more double bond

Question 21

Partially hydrogenated oils (trans fats) are what?

Answer 21

solidified plant oils

not natural/ increase shelf life

Question 22

Steroids are composed of?

Answer 22

4 carbon rings

Question 23

What is cholesterol?

Answer 23

a steroid that functions as a cell membrane component that can be remodeled into sex hormones and vitamin D

Question 24

Phospholipids have?

Answer 24

a glycerol backbone, 2 FA tails and a phosphate head

Question 25

Phospholipids composes?

Answer 25

the cell membrane

Question 26

What is the function of a phospholipid?

Answer 26

act as a barrier

Question 27

Proteins are involved in?

Answer 27

cell structure and function

Question 28

Functions of proteins?

Answer 28

``` structural storage movement transport hormones defense enzymes ```

Question 29

What are proteins?

Answer 29

1 or more folded polymers of amino acids

Question 30

How to proteins have diversity?

Answer 30

20 amino acids

Question 31

Each amino acid contains?

Answer 31

an amine group a carboxyl group a R group

Question 32

How is a protein built?

Answer 32

amino acid monomers link together by condensation which form peptide bonds b/w the monomers

Question 33

What is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 33

unique** sequence of a.a's in polypeptide controls final shape instructed by DNA

Question 34

What is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 34

H- bonding b/w atoms of polypetide's backbone | Helices and pleated sheets

Question 35

What is the tertiary structure of a protein?

Answer 35

binding b/w R groups from irregular contortions

Question 36

What is the quaternary structure of a protein?

Answer 36

2 or more domains interacting to from a single structure (globular/fibrous proteins)

Question 37

What is denaturation?

Answer 37

unfolding of a protein which is dependent on the cellular environment

Question 38

What are prions?

Answer 38

virus-like proteins that cause illness and trigger normal proteins to misfold

Question 39

What are nucleic acids?

Answer 39

single/double stranded chains of nucleotide monomers

Question 40

What are nucleotides?

Answer 40

5C sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 41

What are some things nucleotides do?

Answer 41

act alone as carriers ATP enzyme helpers NAD & FAD build polymers DNA & RNA

Question 42

Types of nucleotides?

Answer 42

RNA - ribose sugar DNA - deoxyribose sugar 5 different types of nitrogen bases