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PSYC 223 > Chapter 3 - Birth and the Newborn Baby > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Birth and the Newborn Baby Flashcards

(107 cards)

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1
Q

What is “dropping” or “lightening”?

A

the settling of the head of the fetus in the mothers pelvis in the last month of pregnancy

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2
Q

What are Braxton-Hicks contractions?

A

false labour contractions

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3
Q

When is the earliest someone could experience Braxton-Hicks?

A

6 months

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4
Q

How do BH contractions vary from labour contractions?

A

they are usually less painless despite being powerful

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5
Q

As pregnancy progresses, frequency of BH contractions ________

A

increase

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6
Q

Labour contractions are intensified by _________

A

walking

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7
Q

Why does blood appear in vaginal secretions 1-2 days before labour?

A

increased pressure ruptures blood vessels

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8
Q

1 in ___ women have an amniotic sac that bursts at the time of the mucus plug being dislodged.

A

10

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9
Q

What are signs labour is beginning?

A

-indigestion
-diarrhea
-backache
-cramps
-bursting of amniotic sac

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10
Q

Hormones released by the fetus during labor include…

A

prostaglandings

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11
Q

What do prostaglandins cause?

A

uterine cramping and contractions

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12
Q

What hormone is secreted by the pituitary gland to increase contractions?

A

oxytocin

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13
Q

Stage 1 of childbirth involves uterine contractions that…

A

dilate the cervix

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14
Q

Stage 2 of childbirth begins with ______ and ends with _____

A

-starts with movement of baby into birth canal
-ends with birth of baby

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15
Q

Stage 3 of childbirth involves delivery of the _____

A

placenta

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16
Q

The first labour contractions are spaced ___-___ mins apart and last ___-___ seconds

A

10-20 mins; 20-40 seconds

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17
Q

Most women go to hospital or birthing center when contractions are __-__ mins apart

A

4-5 mins

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18
Q

What is the “transition” process?

A

when baby’s head moves into vagina when cervix is fully dilated

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19
Q

Why might an episiotomy be performed?

A

to prevent random tearing

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20
Q

When does the baby’s dry umbilical stump fall off?

A

7-10 days after birth

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21
Q

Why are babies sometimes injected with vitamin K?

A

to help blood clot properly because babies don’t make vitamin K

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22
Q

General Anesthesia

A

-put to sleep via barbiturates and narcotics

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23
Q

What is a negative effect of gen. anaesthesia during childbirth?

A

reduced baby responsiveness after birth (no long-term effects)

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24
Q

Local Anesthesia

A

-used to reduce anxiety and pain
-not put to sleep
-ie. epidural which numbs waist down

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25
About ___% of deliveries are C-sections
20%
26
When are C-sections used?
when vaginal delivery is a threat to child or mother
27
Anoxia and hypoxia can cause...
oxygen deprivation in utero and during birth
28
What can cause oxygen deprivation to babies?
-maternal diabetes -infant immature resp. system -pressure against umbilical cord
29
What can oxygen deprivation cause in infants?
-CNS impairment (cognitive, motor, memory) -Psychological problems (schizophrenia, cerebral palsy, ADHD, SIDs)
30
How many weeks is full term birth?
40 weeks
31
Preterm birth occurs before ___ weeks.
37
32
1 in ___ births in Canada are preterm
12
33
Near term birth occurs between ___ and ___ weeks
34 and 36
34
What are risks of infants being born preterm?
-difficulty breathing and swallowing -jaundice -low weight -poor immune system
35
Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS)
risk of preterm birth where infant breathing is irregular or arrested due to air sacs in lungs sticking together without lubricating secretions
36
What is a risk of RDS?
poor cognitive, language, and motor skill development in first 2 years
37
Anoxia
complete absence of oxygen supply
38
Hypoxia
reduced oxygen supply
39
Less appealing look, high-pitched cry, irritability, and being less sociable are characteristics of _________
preterm newborns
40
How does having a preterm infant affect mom?
feelings of alienation, guilt, failure, low self-esteem
41
Mothers of preterm infants have a higher chance of __________
depression
42
What are some examples of interventions for preterm babies?
-incubators (control temp and disease prevention) -cuddling -rocking -talking/singing -mobiles
43
Why is early stimulation important for preterm infants?
it helps infants: -gain weight rapidly -reduce resp. problems -improved motor, intellectual, and neuro function
44
Low birth weight is defined by being less than ____ pounds
5.5
45
Low birth weight affects ___ of infants
6%
46
What does low birth weight increase the risk of?
death
47
Death is almost unavoidable if birth weight is less than _____ pounds.
3.3
48
What is impacted by low birth weight?
-neuro development -verbal skills -cognitive function -chronic health problems
49
How long is the postpartum period?
no specific time limit
50
What % of mothers experience the "baby blues"?
80%
51
What are the baby blues?
tearfulness, sadness, irritability in mothers lasting a few weeks after they deliver baby
52
What % of mothers experience postpartum depression (PPD)?
13%
53
What is PPD?
extreme sadness, indifference, exhaustion, hopelessness, worthlessness, appetite loss, insomnia, anxiety
54
Extreme PPD can involve...
psychoses involving delusional thoughts about baby
55
What causes PPD?
sudden drop in estrogen and associated physiological changes
56
How long does PPD last?
weeks to months
57
How is PPD treated?
-antidepressants -estrogen supplementation -good social support
58
The ______ scale is used to assess the health of babies at birth
apgar
59
What is a good apgar score?
7+
60
What apgar score indicates baby is in critical condition?
below 4
61
Most babies score in the range of __-__ on the apgar scale
8-10
62
What does apgar stand for?
Appearance (colour) Pulse Grimace (reflex irritability) Activity (muscle tone) Respiratory effort
63
The ___________ Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale measures newborns reflexes and behaviour patterns
Brazelton
64
The Brazelton scale assess what aspects of behaviour?
-Motor -Stress response -Adaptive behaviour -Physiological control
65
Most reflexes present at birth in infants usually ________ in a few months and are replaced by...
disappear (some are life long); voluntary actions
66
How is neural function tested in neonates?
ability to demonstrate reflexes
67
What is the rooting reflex?
baby turns head and mouth toward stimulus (stroking cheek, chin, or mouth)
68
Why is the rooting reflex important?
locating mother's nipple
69
What is the rooting reflex later replaced by?
voluntary sucking
70
What is the moro reflex?
startle response where back arches and legs and arms are flung out then brought toward chest when startled
71
When does the moro reflex disappear?
6-7 months
72
What is the grasping reflex?
baby grasps fingers or objects pressed against palm of hands
73
When does the grasping reflex disappear?
3-4 months
74
What is the stepping reflex?
mimics walking - feet press on solid when held in arms
75
When does the stepping reflex appear?
1-2 days after birth
76
When does the stepping reflex disappear?
after 3-4 months
77
Newborns are (near/far)sighted?
near
78
Newborns do not have _________ vision
peripheral
79
When do accommodation and convergence of eyes ability improve in newborns?
2 months old
80
Babies can see colour by __ months old
4
81
Can fetuses hear in the womb?
yes
82
How do neonates respond to powerful odours?
rapid breathing, increased body moving, turn away
83
What is the vehicle for mother-infant recognition?
smell of milk
84
How do newborns respond to the taste of water?
no response
85
How do newborns respond to sweet tastes?
smile, licking, eager sucking
86
How do newborns respond to sour tastes?
pursing lips, nose wrinkling, eye blinking
87
How do newborns response to bitter tastes?
spitting, gagging, sticking out tongue
88
Skin-to-skin contact provides feeling of _________ for newborns
protection
89
Most neonates sleep ~___ hrs a day
16
90
How many sleep-wake cycles do infants have in 24 hours?
6
91
How long is the longest nap usually for infants?
4.5 hours
92
How long does wakefulness last during babies sleep-wake cycle?
1 hr
93
When do infants usually begin sleeping through the night?
6 months to 1 year
94
How much of newborns sleeping time is spent in REM?
50%
95
By 6 months of age, infants REM sleep drops by ___%
30
96
By age 2-3 REM sleep drops to __-__%
20-25%
97
What is SIDS?
sudden infant death syndrome - aka crib death
98
When does SID occur?
when baby is sleeping
99
What can reduce risk of SIDS (by up to 50%)?
having baby sleep on their back
100
How many babies die per week due to SIDS?
3
101
Most SIDS deaths occur during age...
2-5 months (usually within first year)
102
Risk factors for SIDS:
-preterm birth -low birth weight -smoking/drug use during pregnancy -sleeping with baby -sleeping on soft surface or on tummy
103
ABC best practice for infant sleeping:
Alone on Back in empty Crib
104
What are colic cries?
sudden, loud, insistent cry that can last hours - are normal and don't indicate distress
105
What is another name for shaken baby syndrome?
abusive head trauma (AHT)
106
What are the effects of shaken baby syndrome?
-neurological deficit -visual impairment -care issues -death
107

PSYC 223 (7 decks)

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