Chapter 4 - Infancy: Physical Development

Question 1

The first ___ years of life are guided by 3 principles

Answer 1

2

Question 2

What does the cephalocaudal principle say?

Answer 2

development happens in the order of upper part of head to lower parts of body

Question 3

During the embryonic stage the ______ develops more rapidly

Answer 3

head

Question 4

The proximal-distal principle says that development proceeds from…

Answer 4

trunk outward

Question 5

The general-to-specific principle says that…

Answer 5

physical reactions become more specific as children mature

Question 6

Infants usually __x their birth weigh in 5 months and __x it by their first bday.

Answer 6

2x; 3x

Question 7

An infants height usually increased by __% in the first year

Answer 7

50%

Question 8

What is failure to thrive?

Answer 8

a serious disorder that impairs growth in infancy and childhood

Question 9

What are symptoms of failure to thrive?

Answer 9

-irritability
-refusal to be fed
-decreased appetitie
-irregular appetite

Question 10

What is the diagnostic criteria for failure to thrive?

Answer 10

sudden and significant deviation from infants ESTABLISHED growth curve

Question 11

What are the 2 types of failure to thrive?

Answer 11

-organic (biological causes)
-non-organic (psychological or social causes)

Question 12

Both types of failure to thrive are associated with poor ________ intake

Answer 12

calorie

Question 13

Failure to thrive can cause:

Answer 13

-slow physical and cognitive growth
-behavioural and emotional problems

Question 14

What does ‘canalization’ mean?

Answer 14

tendency to return to a genetically determined pattern of growth once growth obstacles are removed

Question 15

How long is it recommended to feed infants exclusively breast milks?

Answer 15

first 6 months (up to 2 years if possible)

Question 16

Only _____% of mothers breast feed longer than or equal to 6 months in Canada.

Answer 16

47

Question 17

When are solids introduced into infants diet?

Answer 17

4-6 months

Question 18

Why should solids be introduced 1 by 1?

Answer 18

to detect allergies

Question 19

When can infants have cow’s milk?

Answer 19

9-12 months

Question 20

What is the recommended diet for infants?

Answer 20

high-iron, high-fibre, low-fat, low-sugar diet

Question 21

If solely breast feeding, an infant should be given a vitamin ___ supplement

Answer 21

D

Question 22

Benefits of breastfeeding for baby:

Answer 22

-improved neural and behavioural organization
-antibodies
-enhanced cognitive development
-reduced risk of allergies
-reduced risk of SIDS

Question 23

Benefits of breastfeeding for mom:

Answer 23

-reduced risk of early breast and ovarian cancer
-strengthens bones
-shrinks uterus and speeds up weight loss

Question 24

_______ _______ insulates axons to speed up cell transmission

Answer 24

myelin sheath

Question 25

We are born with almost all the __________ we will ever have

Answer 25

neurons

Question 26

How many neurons do humans have?

Answer 26

100 billion

Question 27

How do neurons grow?

Answer 27

in complexity and in number of synapses (not number of neurons)

Question 28

When does myelination begin developing?

Answer 28

during last month of pregnancy and onward

Question 29

Myelination of nerves to muscles is mainly developed by age ___

Answer 29

2

Question 30

When does myelination growth halt?

Answer 30

adolescence

Question 31

Which brain regions are myelinated prenatally?

Answer 31

-vision -hearing -skin senses

Question 32

________ is the dominant sense throughout infancy

Answer 32

vision

Question 33

When does myelination of visual systems halt?

Answer 33

age 6 months

Question 34

Myelination of other sensory systems in mainly complete by age ____

Answer 34

4

Question 35

What is pruning?

Answer 35

getting rid of extra, unused synapses, depending on environmental experiences

Question 36

What 2 things are mainly responsible for gross and fine motor skill development?

Answer 36

-CNS maturation -Muscle strength gain

Question 37

The order of developmental milestones is cross-culturally _______

Answer 37

consistent

Question 38

When does the sitting milestone occur?

Answer 38

6 months

Question 39

When does the crawling milestone occur?

Answer 39

9 months

Question 40

When does the walking with help milestone occur?

Answer 40

1 year

Question 41

When does the stair climbing milestone occur?

Answer 41

18 months

Question 42

When does the running milestone occur?

Answer 42

18-24 months

Question 43

Newborn vision begins at 20/____

Answer 43

600

Question 44

By 6 months newborn vision is about 20/__

Answer 44

50

Question 45

When does visual acuity reach 20/20?

Answer 45

between age 3-5

Question 46

When does newborn peripheral vision expand to 45 degrees from 30 degrees?

Answer 46

7 weeks old

Question 47

When does newborn peripheral vision reach adult level (130 degrees)?

Answer 47

age 6 months

Question 48

Newborns look at _______ longer than blobs

Answer 48

stripes

Question 49

What age do most infants prefer to see curved lines over straight lines?

Answer 49

8-12 weeks

Question 50

When do newborns learn mother's face?

Answer 50

8 hrs of interaction after a 4 day period

Question 51

What age do infants show a preference for the human face?

Answer 51

2 months

Question 52

At what age is infant hearing similar to adults?

Answer 52

18 months

Question 53

Infants ability to detect ranges of pitch gradually ___________

Answer 53

increase

Question 54

What age can infants perceive difference between speech sounds of ALL LANGUAGES?

Answer 54

1-2 months

Question 55

Exposure to _______ language causes loss of ability to discriminate sounds not in their native language by 12 months.

Answer 55

native

Question 56

Evidence for role of nature in infant perceptual development:

Answer 56

-born with sensory and perceptual skills -changes linked to maturation of nervous system

Question 57

Evidence for role of nurture in perceptual development:

Answer 57

-critical periods in development need to be aided by adequate stimulation