Chapter 8: Early Childhood: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Warm parents

Answer 1

-affectionate
-caring
-supportive
-hugging
-kissing
-smiling
-less likely to use physical discipline

Question 2

Cold parents

Answer 2

-may not enjoy children
-few feelings of affection
-likely to complain about behaviour

Question 3

Erikson Stage 2:

Answer 3

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt lasts 19 months to 3 yrs

Question 4

What does the autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage look at?

Answer 4

ability or inability to master skills as children become controllers of their universe by mastering social and cultural rules

Question 5

Erikson stage 3:

Answer 5

initiative vs guilt lasts from age 4-5 years

Question 6

What does the initiative vs. guilt stage look at?

Answer 6

children begin to copy people and create play situations, make up stories, experiment with ideas of who people are

Question 7

Children of warm parents develop:

Answer 7

-internal standards of conduct
-moral conscience
-emotional and social well-being

Question 8

Structure

Answer 8

degree to which parents provide their children with predictability, organization, environmental consistency

Question 9

Restrictiveness

Answer 9

putting standards or rules in place

Question 10

Permissiveness

Answer 10

not having or enforcing a standard of behaviour

Question 11

Children of permissive parents learn:

Answer 11

to regulate themselves, live by their own rules

Question 12

Authoritative parenting

Answer 12

highly restrictive and make strong demands for maturity, reason, show support and feelings of love, respect and are warm to children

Question 13

Parents of most capable children are rated high in restrictiveness and control and warmth and responsiveness:

Answer 13

authoritative

Question 14

Children of authoritative parents:

Answer 14

-self-reliant
-independent
-high self-esteem
-high activity levels
-exploratory behaviour
-socially competent
-motivated to do well in school

Question 15

Authoritarian parents:

Answer 15

-strict rules and guidelines
-demand children listen without reason
-controlling, forceful methods
-poor communication
-don’t respect children
-cold and rejecting

Question 16

Sons of authoritarian parents:

Answer 16

hostile and defiant

Question 17

Daughters of authoritarian parents:

Answer 17

low in independence and dominance

Question 18

Children of authoritarian parents:

Answer 18

-less socially and academically competent
-anxious
-irritable
-low self-reliance
-low self-esteem
-conforming

Question 19

Permissive-indulgent parents:

Answer 19

-low attempt to control children and demands for mature behaviour
-high nurturance
-allow children to do what is “natural”

Question 20

Children of permissive-indulgent parents:

Answer 20

-less competent in school
-misconduct
-substance abuse
-highly socially competent and self-confident

Question 21

Rejecting-neglecting parents:

Answer 21

-low in demands for mature behaviour and attempts to control children
-low in support and responsiveness

Question 22

Children of rejecting-neglecting parents:

Answer 22

-least competent, responsible, and mature
-less competent in school
-misconduct
-substance abuse
-low in social competence and self-confidence

Question 23

Inductive methods of child rearing

Answer 23

aim to teach knowledge that enable children to generate desirable behaviours

Question 24

Reasoning

Answer 24

main inductive technique

Question 25

Power-assertive methods:

Answer 25

-physical punishment -denial of privileges

Question 26

Effect of parental power assertion on children:

Answer 26

-lower acceptance by peers -poorer grades -antisocial behaviour -aggression -delinquency

Question 27

Redirecting

Answer 27

directing someone who is doing something wrong or bad to another activity

Question 28

Children age 4-10 are most negatively affected by ________ because...

Answer 28

divorce; they can't process their loss and change in family structure

Question 29

Parental separation can lead to: (in children)

Answer 29

-behaviour issues -academic and social difficulty -emotional distress

Question 30

Role of siblings in social development of preschool aged children:

Answer 30

-physical care -emotional support -advice -role model -social interaction -making demands -imposing restrictions

Question 31

Benefits of sibling conflict:

Answer 31

-enhance social competence -develop self-identity -ability to rear own children

Question 32

Regression after birth of sibling looks like...

Answer 32

-baby-like behaviours

Question 33

Positive response to birth of sibling:

Answer 33

-independence -maturity -helping care for baby

Question 34

How can parents help child cope with new sibling?

Answer 34

explain in advance what is to come

Question 35

First born children:

Answer 35

-highly motivated to achieve -perform better academically -more cooperative -more adult oriented -less aggressive -show greater anxiety -less self-reliant

Question 36

What age do children imitate play and engage in social games?

Answer 36

age 2

Question 37

What age do children show preference for particular playmates (esp. of the same sex)?

Answer 37

age 2

Question 38

Functional play

Answer 38

-begin at sensorimotor stage -repetitive motor activity -ie. rolling ball, running and laughing

Question 39

Symbolic play

Answer 39

-end of sensorimotor stage -pretend play -create settings, characters, scripts

Question 40

Constructive play

Answer 40

-use objects or materials to draw or create

Question 41

Formal games

Answer 41

-games with rules -may involve social interaction or physical activity

Question 42

Prosocial behaviour (aka altruism)

Answer 42

behaviour that is intended to benefit another without expectation of reward

Question 43

Prosocial behaviour is linked to development of empathy and ___________ taking

Answer 43

perspective

Question 44

Empathy

Answer 44

sensitivity to the feelings of others

Question 45

Preschooler aggression is _____________ oriented

Answer 45

possession

Question 46

What age does aggression become hostile and person oriented?

Answer 46

6 or 7 years

Question 47

Aggressive behaviour such as criminal and antisocial may involve __________ factors

Answer 47

genetic

Question 48

Children who are physically punished are more likely to be ____________ themselves

Answer 48

aggressive

Question 49

Sense of self

Answer 49

who they are and how they feel about themselves

Question 50

Categorical self

Answer 50

self-definitions that refer to concrete external traits

Question 51

children with high self-esteem:

Answer 51

-more securely attached -parents attentive to needs -more likely to exhibit prosocial behaviour

Question 52

By age 4 children make judgements about their _______ and physical competence and their _________ acceptance

Answer 52

cognitive; social

Question 53

What age does number of fears peak?

Answer 53

age 2.5-4

Question 54

Gender role socialization

Answer 54

the process of females learning to become "women" and males learning to become "men"

Question 55

Effect of gender role socialization:

Answer 55

socially constructed gender stereotypes

Question 56

Stages of gender-role stereotype development in children:

Answer 56

1. children learn to label the sexes 2. by age 3 they can display knowledge of gender stereotypes 3. between age 3-9/10 they becomes more traditional in their stereotyping

Question 57

Social cognitive theory of gender stereotypes says...

Answer 57

gender stereotypes are socially constructed through what children observe or are taught in society

Question 58

Stages of gender-role identity development based on cognitive developmental theory:

Answer 58

1. age 2 - labelling self as boy or girl (gender identity) 2. age 4/5 - recognize gender stability (people retain sex for a lifetime) 3. age 5-7 - realize gender constancy (realize sex doesn't change even with dress or behaviour)

Question 59

Gender fluidity

Answer 59

opposite of gender constancy - the idea that gender expression can vary greatly

Question 60

Gender-schema theory

Answer 60

says that children use sex as a way of organizing their perceptions of the world

Question 61

Gender-neutral parenting

Answer 61

decision to not assign a specific gender to children based on their biological sex