Chapter 5: Infancy: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage refers to the first ___ years of cognitive development

Answer 1

2 years

Question 2

Piaget’s sensorimotor stage moved from reflexes and ready made scheme to…

Answer 2

goal-oriented behaviour

Question 3

How many substages are in Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

Answer 3

6

Question 4

Substage 1 involves simple ________ that occur during the _______ month

Answer 4

reflexes; first

Question 5

Substage 2 involves primary _________ reactions occurring during the first 1-____ months

Answer 5

circular; 1-4 months

Question 6

During substage 2 infants develop sensory motor _____ through repeated movements focusing on own body

Answer 6

schemas

Question 7

Substage 3 involves ________ circular reactions and occurs during age 4-___ months

Answer 7

secondary; 8

Question 8

During substage 3, activities are repeated due to effect on their _________

Answer 8

environment

Question 9

During substage 3 the focus shifts from own body to…

Answer 9

objects and environment

Question 10

Are actions during substage 3 intentional?

Answer 10

no

Question 11

Substage 4 involves coordination of secondary ______ and occurs during age 8-___ months

Answer 11

schemas; 12

Question 12

During substage 4, _____________ behaviour emerges

Answer 12

goal-directed

Question 13

Object permanence (substage 4)

Answer 13

objects out of sight are no longer out of mind, suggests mental images are forming

Question 14

A-not-B error is common during substage __

Answer 14

4

Question 15

A-not-B error

Answer 15

looking for things where child last found it even though they see it being moved

Question 16

Substage 5 is tertiary _______ reactions and it occurs at 12-___ months of age

Answer 16

circular; 18

Question 17

Substage 5 involves adaptation of schemas to specific __________

Answer 17

situations

Question 18

During substage 5, infants explore their surroundings to find their purpose with intentional ________

Answer 18

imitation

Question 19

Substage 5 suggests ______________ learning

Answer 19

purposeful

Question 20

Substage 6 involves invention of new means through _________ combination and starts at 18-___ months

Answer 20

mental; 24

Question 21

Substage 6 is the transition to the the next ______________ stage

Answer 21

preoperational

Question 22

___________ thought emerges during substage 6

Answer 22

symbolic

Question 23

during substage 6 external exploration is replaced by _________ exploration

Answer 23

mental

Question 24

During substage 6:

Answer 24

-delayed imitation
-make-believe play
-planning actions

Question 25

The Brazelton scale and ________ screening test are used to screen for atypical development

Answer 25

Denver

Question 26

The __________ scale is used to measure infant intelligence

Answer 26

Bayley

Question 27

What does the Bayley scale involve:

Answer 27

-measuring verbal skills, perception, learning, memory, problem solving, gross and fine motor skills, behaviour (attention span, goal direction, persistence, socio-emotional development)

Question 28

How do Bayley scales coorelate with those taken a year later?

Answer 28

moderately

Question 29

Bayley scale plus what can predict development in low birth weight children?

Answer 29

parents socioeconomic status

Question 30

Do Bayley scales predict school grades or IQ?

Answer 30

no

Question 31

What is the Bayley scale best at identifying?

Answer 31

-lags in development -strengths and weaknesses

Question 32

What can be used to predict IQ in childhood?

Answer 32

infant visual-recognition memory

Question 33

When does cooing (vowel like sounds) begin?

Answer 33

2-6 months

Question 34

When do babbling sounds (consonants and vowels) begin?

Answer 34

6-9 months

Question 35

When does echolalia begin?

Answer 35

10-12 months

Question 36

When does intonation begin?

Answer 36

10-12 months

Question 37

First words happen usually during 8-___ months

Answer 37

18

Question 38

Toddlers learn 10-30 words after the first word is spoken within ___-___ months

Answer 38

3-4

Question 39

Toddlers may have a vocabulary of 50 words by ____ months

Answer 39

18

Question 40

When does a toddlers rapid increase in vocab occur?

Answer 40

18-22 months

Question 41

Receptive Vocabulary

Answer 41

understanding of words

Question 42

Expressive vocabulary

Answer 42

ability to use words

Question 43

Toddlers: receptive vocab (>/<) expressive vocab

Answer 43

>

Question 44

Most toddler words are general and specific nominals meaning:

Answer 44

-gen: car, boy, ball -spec: daddy, teddy

Question 45

Holophrases

Answer 45

single words that communicate complex ideas

Question 46

Overextension

Answer 46

use of one word to refer to many things

Question 47

Referential language style

Answer 47

words to label objects

Question 48

Expressive language style

Answer 48

language used to engage in social interaction

Question 49

Telegraphic speech

Answer 49

2-3 word sentences that have meanings of full sentences

Question 50

When does telegraphic speech occur?

Answer 50

when child's vocabl consists of 50-100 words around 24 months

Question 51

Telegraphic speech shows understanding of _______

Answer 51

syntax (word order)

Question 52

Indicators for speech and language delays:

Answer 52

Doesn’t smile or interact with others (birth–3 months) Doesn’t babble (4–7 months) Makes few sounds (7–12 months) Does not use gestures (e.g., waving, pointing) (7–12 months) Doesn’t understand what others say (7 months–2 years) Says only a few words (12–18 months) Doesn’t put words together to make sentences (1.5–2 years) Says fewer than 50 words (2 years)

Question 53

The learning theory of language development says _________ is responsible...

Answer 53

nurture; language learned though imitation and reinforcement

Question 54

The social cognitive perspective says _______ serve as models

Answer 54

parents

Question 55

The learning theory (nurture) doesn't account for:

Answer 55

-unchanging sequence of language development -spontaneous utterances -high rates of acquisition

Question 56

The nativist theory says ______ is responsible for language development

Answer 56

nature

Question 57

The nativist theory proposed by Chomsky says:

Answer 57

a language acquisition device prewires us to learn grammar

Question 58

The ________ gene is evidence for Chomsky's theory because an abnormality inhibits development

Answer 58

FOXP2

Question 59

The interactionist (psycholinguistic) theory says _____ factors give capacity to learn language and actual acquisition depends on _________

Answer 59

inborn; environment

Question 60

Deferred imitation

Answer 60

imitation of an action that occurred hours, days, or weeks prior