Chapter 6: Infancy: Social and Emotional Development

Question 1

Babies are born with behaviours that stimulate ___________ from adults

Answer 1

caregiving

Question 2

Attachment

Answer 2

enduring emotional bond between one animal or person and another

Question 3

When do infants seek out attachment figures?

Answer 3

-scared
-tired
-in pain
-caregiver appears inaccesible

Question 4

Which Erikson stage focuses on infants from birth to age 18 months?

Answer 4

stage 1: trust vs. mistrust

Question 5

What is the initial task of infant ego development?

Answer 5

trust - children must develop a sense that their caregiver will be reliable and predictable

Question 6

What is so important about the trust vs. mistrust stage?

Answer 6

the quality of care received here will set the stage for all further social interactions - mistrust can affect future relationships

Question 7

Separation anxiety

Answer 7

occurs when infants can’t maintain contact with caregiver

Question 8

Psychoanalytic theory says attachment is the result of _______ gratification

Answer 8

oral

Question 9

Learning theories say attachment is a consequence of…

Answer 9

being provided with care and reinforced

Question 10

Cognitive theory says attachment occurs when a child has developed _______ ________

Answer 10

object permanence

Question 11

Ethological theory says attachment is a biological need for __________

Answer 11

survival

Question 12

Harlow’s conducted an experiment to prove _________ is not critical in the attachment process as Freud suggested

Answer 12

feeding

Question 13

Contact Comfort

Answer 13

proven to be a basic need as food when monkeys preferred cuddly mom over wire mom with food

Question 14

By age 2-3 months, infants elicit a ________ _______ to help ensure survival by displaying affection

Answer 14

social smile

Question 15

Mutual attachment

Answer 15

mother smiles back at baby and vice versa

Question 16

Imprinting

Answer 16

period of like when some nonhumans become attached after a critical life event

Question 17

Bowlby identified 4 phases of ___________

Answer 17

attachment

Question 18

1. Pre attachment

Answer 18

lasts from birth-6 weeks, characterized by random attachment

Question 19

2. Attachment-in-the-making

Answer 19

6 weeks-6 months, characterized by preference for familiar figures

Question 20

3. Clear cut attachment

Answer 20

6-7 months until 18-24 months where intensified dependence of caregiver occurs

Question 21

4. Formation of reciprocal relationships

Answer 21

18 months-2 years+, involves awareness of factors that predict parents return

Question 22

Internal working model

Answer 22

beliefs and expectations as to whether they are worthy of love and whether others are available and able to protect or soothe them when necessary

Question 23

Infants that observes “still-face” experience heightened negative emotions and reduced engagement, along with _______ behaviours

Answer 23

avoidance

Question 24

Secure attachment style

Answer 24

infants mildly protest parent departure and seek interaction upon reunion

Question 25

Avoidant Attachment

Answer 25

least distressed by parental departure, play alone, ignore parent on reunion

Question 26

Anxious-ambivalent attachment

Answer 26

most emotional - show severe distress when parents leave and when the parent returns they cling and push away parent (usually in protest)

Question 27

Disorganized-disoriented attachment

Answer 27

baby is dazed, confused, or disoriented, may show contradictory behaviours

Question 28

Which attachment style is often a result of abuse or neglect?

Answer 28

disorganized-disoriented

Question 29

Insecure attachment at age 1 predicts psychological disorders by age ____

Answer 29

17

Question 30

Standard parental benefits:

Answer 30

40wks paid at 55%

Question 31

Extended parental benefits:

Answer 31

69wks paid at 33%

Question 32

Prototype hypothesis

Answer 32

idea that the initial relationship between infant and caregiver serves as a foundation for all other relationships

Question 33

What research disproved spoiling infants?

Answer 33

Babies can't understand cause and effect until 8-10 months and thus cannot be spoiled

Question 34

Physical abuse

Answer 34

any type of deliberate force that leads to non-accidental injury of any body part

Question 35

Sexual abuse

Answer 35

molestation or sexual exploitation of a child

Question 36

Emotional abuse

Answer 36

verbal abuse or inadequate attention

Question 37

Neglect

Answer 37

failing to supervise and interact with

Question 38

Exposure to domestic abuse

Answer 38

witnessing physical abuse to a family member

Question 39

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Answer 39

impairment in social communication and social interaction, repetitive behaviours, activities, or interests and must be present in early childhood

Question 40

ASD is more common in _______

Answer 40

boys

Question 41

Children with autism may show mutism, echolalia, and ________ reversal

Answer 41

pronoun

Question 42

Risks for autism:

Answer 42

-low birth weight -high maternal age

Question 43

Infants who attend full-time child care are as securely attached as infants raised at home provided...

Answer 43

they have strong parent-child bond before receiving child-care

Question 44

Some studies say that children who attend child-care:

Answer 44

-are more peer-oriented -play at a higher developmental level -share more -are more independent -self confident -outgoing -affectionate -more helpful and cooperative -perform better academically

Question 45

Some studies on the contrary show that children who attended child-care are:

Answer 45

-less cooperative -more aggressive -more interruptive -more likely to tease and bully other children

Question 46

The average cost of child care in Canada is $________ per year per child

Answer 46

10 000

Question 47

Emotion

Answer 47

a state of feeling that has physiological, situational, and cognitive components

Question 48

What are the 2 basic states of emotional arousal in infants:

Answer 48

1. positive attraction to pleasant stimulation 2. withdrawal from aversive stimulation

Question 49

What age does social smiling replace reflexive smiling?

Answer 49

age 2-3 months

Question 50

At what age do infants laugh at active stimuli?

Answer 50

3-5 months

Question 51

Stranger anxiety is __________

Answer 51

normal

Question 52

When does stranger anxiety appear?

Answer 52

age 6-9 months

Question 53

When does strange anxiety peak? Decline?

Answer 53

peak at 9-12 months, declines in year 2

Question 54

Social referencing

Answer 54

seeking out another persons perception of a situation to help us form our own view of it

Question 55

3 components of social referncing:

Answer 55

1. looking at another individual in a novel, ambiguous situation 2. associating that individuals emotional response with the situation 3. regulating own emotional response in accord with the individual

Question 56

When do infants display social referencing?

Answer 56

as early as 6 months

Question 57

Emotional regulation

Answer 57

the way in which young children control their own emotions

Question 58

Mahler proposed that separation-individuation is the process that develops _______-________

Answer 58

self-concept

Question 59

Separation

Answer 59

involves child's growing perception that their parent is a separate person

Question 60

Individuation

Answer 60

refers to the child's increasing sense of independence and autonomy

Question 61

Temperament

Answer 61

a stable way of reacting and adapting to the world

Question 62

Easy Temperament

Answer 62

-regular biological functioning -positive approach to new stimuli -adapts readily to new situations -mild to moderate reaction intensity -positive mood

Question 63

Difficult Temperament

Answer 63

-irregular biological functioning -negative withdrawal to new stimuli -adapts slowly or not at all to new situations -intense reactions -negative mood

Question 64

Slow to Warm Up Temperament

Answer 64

-somewhat irregular biological functioning -negative withdrawal to new stimuli -adapts slowly to new situations -mild reaction intensity -initially negative then gradually positive mood

Question 65

Gender is...

Answer 65

socially constructed

Question 66

In infancy girls tend to...

Answer 66

advance more rapidly than boys